SECTION B QUETION TWO a) Describe four types of play. b) Explain the role of play in social and cognitive development of children. [8 marks] c) State four factors that have led to decline of social play in the contemporary society. [4 marks] QUESTION THREE a) Describe the characteristics of the sensorimotor stage according to Jean Piaget. [8 marks] learning to b) State six developmental tasks at infancy according to Havirghurst, is mins to to like [6 marks] c) Describe the holophrastic stage of language development. QUESTION FOUR __ a) Describe the physical and psychological changes during adolescents. [8 marks] b) Explain the,psychological effects of early and late maturation in both boys and girls. [8 marks] c) What factors influence the development of identity in adolescents." [4 marks] QUESTION FIVE a) Describe the last three stages of personality development according to Erick Erickson. [9 marks] b) Explain the following concepts as they relate to adulthood. i) Midlife crisis ii) Mehopause iii) Climacteric syndrome c) Describe five physical changes in the late adulthood. AIRINAI ZAKAYO ILIPO,TH IE DELE GATE [8 marks] [6 marks] [5 marks]

Question

SECTION B QUETION TWO a) Describe four types of play. b) Explain the role of play in social and cognitive development of children. [8 marks] c) State four factors that have led to decline of social play in the contemporary society. [4 marks] QUESTION THREE a) Describe the characteristics of the sensorimotor stage according to Jean Piaget. [8 marks] learning to b) State six developmental tasks at infancy according to Havirghurst, is mins to to like [6 marks] c) Describe the holophrastic stage of language development. QUESTION FOUR __ a) Describe the physical and psychological changes during adolescents. [8 marks] b) Explain the,psychological effects of early and late maturation in both boys and girls. [8 marks] c) What factors influence the development of identity in adolescents." [4 marks] QUESTION FIVE a) Describe the last three stages of personality development according to Erick Erickson. [9 marks] b) Explain the following concepts as they relate to adulthood. i) Midlife crisis ii) Mehopause iii) Climacteric syndrome c) Describe five physical changes in the late adulthood. AIRINAI ZAKAYO ILIPO,TH IE DELE GATE [8 marks] [6 marks] [5 marks]

Answer 1

SECTION BQUESTION TWOa) Four types of play:1. **Solitary Play**: This is when a child plays alone and is focused on their own activity. It is common in younger children who have not yet developed the social skills to interact with others.2. **Parallel Play**: In this type, children play adjacent to each other but do not directly interact. They may be playing with similar toys or activities but are focused on their own play.3. **Associative Play**: Children engage in separate activities but interact by exchanging toys and commenting on each other's behavior. This type of play involves more social interaction than parallel play.4. **Cooperative Play**: This is when children play together, creating and organizing games or activities. It involves teamwork and collaboration, requiring advanced social skills.b) Role of play in social and cognitive development of children:Play is crucial for children's social and cognitive development. Socially, it helps children learn to cooperate, negotiate, and resolve conflicts, fostering communication skills and empathy. Cognitively, play enhances creativity, problem-solving abilities, and critical thinking. Through imaginative play, children explore different roles and scenarios, which aids in understanding the world around them and developing language skills.c) Four factors that have led to decline of social play in contemporary society:1. Increased screen time and digital entertainment.2. Structured schedules with extracurricular activities.3. Urbanization leading to limited outdoor play spaces.4. Safety concerns from parents restricting unsupervised play.QUESTION THREEa) Characteristics of the sensorimotor stage according to Jean Piaget:The sensorimotor stage, occurring from birth to about 2 years, is characterized by infants learning through sensory experiences and motor actions. Key features include:- **Object Permanence**: Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.- **Goal-directed Behavior**: Performing actions with a purpose in mind.- **Circular Reactions**: Repeated actions that help infants learn about their environment.- **Coordination of Schemes**: Combining different actions to achieve a goal.b) Six developmental tasks at infancy according to Havighurst:1. Learning to walk.2. Learning to take solid foods.3. Learning to talk.4. Learning to control elimination of body wastes.5. Developing a sense of trust with caregivers.6. Beginning to develop emotional attachments.c) Holophrastic stage of language development:The holophrastic stage occurs around 12 to 18 months when children use single words to express whole ideas or sentences. For example, saying "milk" might mean "I want milk" or "There is milk." This stage marks the beginning of symbolic thought and language acquisition.QUESTION FOURa) Physical and psychological changes during adolescence:Adolescence is marked by significant physical changes such as growth spurts, development of secondary sexual characteristics, and hormonal changes. Psychologically, adolescents experience identity exploration, increased independence, and heightened emotional sensitivity. Cognitive development advances with improved abstract thinking and reasoning skills.b) Psychological effects of early and late maturation in both boys and girls:Early maturing boys often experience positive effects like increased confidence and popularity, but may face pressure to conform to adult expectations. Late maturing boys might struggle with self-esteem and social acceptance. Early maturing girls may encounter challenges such as body image issues and unwanted attention, while late maturing girls might feel left out or less attractive initially but often adjust well over time.c) Factors influencing the development of identity in adolescents:1. Family dynamics and parenting style.2. Peer relationships and social interactions.3. Cultural and societal norms.4. Personal interests and experiences.QUESTION FIVEa) Last three stages of personality development according to Erik Erikson:1. **Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)**: Focuses on contributing to society and helping the next generation. Success leads to feelings of usefulness, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.2. **Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)**: Reflecting on life and feeling a sense of fulfillment or regret. Achieving integrity leads to wisdom, while despair can result in bitterness.3. **Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Old Age)**: Similar to the previous stage, it involves coming to terms with one's life and accepting its course. Successful resolution brings peace, while unresolved conflicts lead to despair.b) Concepts related to adulthood:i) **Midlife Crisis**: A period of self-reflection and reevaluation of life goals and achievements, often occurring in middle adulthood.ii) **Menopause**: The cessation of menstruation and fertility in women, typically occurring in middle age, accompanied by various physical and emotional symptoms.iii) **Climacteric Syndrome**: Refers to the physical and psychological changes experienced during the transition to menopause in women and andropause in men.c) Five physical changes in late adulthood:1. Decreased bone density and muscle mass.2. Reduced skin elasticity and appearance of wrinkles.3. Decline in sensory abilities such as vision and hearing.4. Slower metabolism and potential weight gain.5. Increased susceptibility to chronic health conditions.

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