Вопрос
1.(a) Define the following terminologies in psychology of learning; Conditioning (2 marks) (ii) Vicarious conditioning (2 marks) (iii) Reinforcement (2 marks) (iv) Transfer of learning (2 marks) (v) Maintenance rehearsal (2 marks) (b) Psychology of learning borrows richly from other fields of psychology. Discuss (10 marks) (c) Using relevant examples discuss five classroom management techniques (10marks) 2.(a) Ability of learners to recall/retrieve information learnt is influenced by many factors. Discuss (10 marks) (b) Briefly explain any five ways in which psychology of learning empowers a practicing teacher in the school environment (10 marks) 3.(a) The learning environment affect the teaching -learning process. Elaborate using relevant examples (10 marks) (b) The teacher has ability to help the learners acquire positive attitude towards learning. Discuss (10 marks) 4.(a) Relate any five principles of learning and how they help an instructor to enhance learning (10marks) (b) Explain five measures a teacher should take to increase the probability of transfer of learning (10 marks)
Решения
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(255 Голоса)
Флорентина
эксперт · Репетитор 3 лет
Ответ
1. (a) Definitions in psychology of learning:(i) Conditioning: Conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, resulting in a learned response. There are two main types of conditioning: classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, and operant conditioning, where a behavior is strengthened or weakened based on its consequences.(ii) Vicarious conditioning: Vicarious conditioning is a type of learning that occurs when an individual observes another person being conditioned. For example, if a child observes their parent being punished for a certain behavior, they may learn to avoid that behavior without directly experiencing the punishment themselves.(iii) Reinforcement: Reinforcement is a process of strengthening a behavior by providing a positive consequence or removing a negative consequence. Positive reinforcement involves providing a reward or positive outcome following a desired behavior, while negative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus following a desired behavior.(iv) Transfer of learning: Transfer of learning refers to the application of knowledge, skills, or behaviors learned in one context to another context. It occurs when the learning experiences in one situation or environment influence learning in another situation or environment.(v) Maintenance rehearsal: Maintenance rehearsal is a technique used to keep information in short-term memory by repeating it over and over again. This method helps to maintain the information temporarily but does not necessarily lead to long-term retention.(b) Psychology of learning borrows richly from other fields of psychology. Discuss:Psychology of learning is an interdisciplinary field that draws from various areas of psychology, including cognitive psychology, behavioral psychology, developmental psychology, and educational psychology. Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, and problem-solving. Behavioral psychology emphasizes observable behaviors and the environmental factors that influence them. Developmental psychology examines how learning changes throughout different stages of life. Educational psychology applies psychological principles to improve teaching and learning in educational settings. By integrating knowledge from these diverse fields, psychology of learning provides a comprehensive understanding of how individuals acquire, process, and retain information, and how to optimize learning experiences.(c) Five classroom management techniques:1. Establish clear expectations and rules: Clearly communicate and enforce rules and expectations to create a structured and organized classroom environment. This helps students understand what is acceptable and unacceptable behavior.2. Implement positive reinforcement: Use positive reinforcement techniques, such as praise, rewards, or privileges, to encourage and motivate students to engage in desired behaviors. This approach focuses on reinforcing positive actions rather than punishing negative ones.3. Use proactive strategies: Anticipate potential behavioral issues and address them proactively. This may involve implementing preventive measures, such as providing engaging activities or creating a positive classroom atmosphere, to minimize disruptions.4. Encourage student participation: Encourage active participation and involvement from students by incorporating interactive activities, discussions, and group work. This helps to maintain student engagement and reduces the likelihood of disruptive behavior.5. Develop effective communication skills: Establish open and effective communication with students by actively listening to their concerns, providing clear instructions, and addressing any issues promptly. This fosters trust and respect between the teacher and students.2. (a) Factors influencing recall/retrieval of information:Several factors influence the ability of learners to recall or retrieve information learned. These factors include:1. Encoding: The process of encoding refers to how information is initially processed and stored in memory. Effective encoding techniques, such as elaborative rehearsal and meaningful learning, enhance the likelihood of retrieval.2. Retrieval cues: Retrieval cues are stimuli or prompts that trigger the recall of information stored in memory. Effective retrieval cues are closely associated with the information being recalled and can be visual, auditory, or contextual in nature.3. Memory consolidation: Memory consolidation is the process of stabilizing and integrating information into long-term memory. Factors that enhance consolidation, such as sleep, repetition, and retrieval practice, improve the retrieval of information.4. Retrieval practice: Retrieval practice involves actively recalling information from memory. This practice strengthens memory retrieval skills and enhances long-term retention.5. Contextual factors: Contextual factors, such as the environment or situation in which learning occurs, can influence the retrieval of information. Familiar contexts or cues can facilitate retrieval, while unfamiliar contexts may hinder it.(b) Five ways psychology of learning empowers a practicing teacher:1. Understanding individual learning styles: By understanding different learning styles, teachers can tailor their instructional strategies to meet the diverse needs of their students. This approach helps to optimize learning outcomes and engage students more effectively.2. Implementing effective teaching techniques: Psychology of learning provides insights into how information is processed and retained. Teachers can apply evidence-based teaching techniques, such as spaced repetition, retrieval practice, and elaborative rehearsal, to enhance student learning and retention.3. Enhancing motivation and engagement: Understanding the psychological factors that influence motivation and engagement allows teachers to create a positive and engaging learning environment. Strategies such as positive reinforcement, goal setting, and providing meaningful learning experiences can boost student motivation and participation.4. Diagnosing and addressing learning difficulties: Psychology of learning provides tools