1. Explain the following concepts as used in educational measurement and evaluation: (3 mark i) Measurement ii) Evaluation iii) Norm-referenced assessment 2. Explain any two measurement techniques that you can use to measure your students' learning outcomes (2 mark 3. State the level of measurement for each of the following (give a supporting reason for each answer) (3 mark i) Ranks of students derived from a test ii) Your writing speed in this exam __ iii) Heights above the sea level for different geographical locations in Kenya 4. Summarize three differences between Competency Based Assessment and Traditional Assessment (3 marks) (3 marks) 5. In education, assessment can be either be for learning or of learning or as learning. Explain each of these types of assessments giving a relevant example of each (2 marks) 6. Outline two sources of measurement errors in classroom assessment

Question

1. Explain the following concepts as used in educational measurement and evaluation: (3 mark i) Measurement ii) Evaluation iii) Norm-referenced assessment 2. Explain any two measurement techniques that you can use to measure your students' learning outcomes (2 mark 3. State the level of measurement for each of the following (give a supporting reason for each answer) (3 mark i) Ranks of students derived from a test ii) Your writing speed in this exam __ iii) Heights above the sea level for different geographical locations in Kenya 4. Summarize three differences between Competency Based Assessment and Traditional Assessment (3 marks) (3 marks) 5. In education, assessment can be either be for learning or of learning or as learning. Explain each of these types of assessments giving a relevant example of each (2 marks) 6. Outline two sources of measurement errors in classroom assessment

Answer 1

1. Explain the following concepts as used in educational measurement and evaluation:i) Measurement: Measurement in educational assessment refers to the process of assigning scores or values to students' responses or performance based on a set of criteria or standards. It involves the use of various techniques and tools to quantify students' knowledge, skills, and abilities. Measurement provides a way to evaluate students' performance and compare it against predetermined benchmarks or standards.ii) Evaluation: Evaluation in educational assessment refers to the systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to make judgments about students' learning outcomes. It involves the use of various methods and techniques to assess the effectiveness of educational programs, instructional strategies, and student performance. Evaluation helps in making informed decisions about students' progress, identifying areas for improvement, and guiding instructional planning.iii) Norm-referenced assessment: Norm-referenced assessment is a type of assessment that compares students' performance to a norm group or a reference population. It measures students' performance relative to their peers or a predetermined standard. The purpose of norm-referenced assessment is to rank students and identify those who perform above or below the average level.2. Explain any two measurement techniques that you can use to measure your students' learning outcomes:a) Formative assessment: Formative assessment is a type of assessment that is conducted during the learning process to gather feedback and improve students' learning. It helps teachers to identify students' strengths and weaknesses, diagnose misconceptions, and provide timely interventions. Formative assessment can be conducted through various techniques such as quizzes, class discussions, peer assessments, and observations.b) Summative assessment: Summative assessment is a type of assessment that is conducted at the end of a learning unit or course to evaluate students' overall achievement. It provides a comprehensive picture of students' learning outcomes and helps in making judgments about their mastery of the learning objectives. Summative assessment can be conducted through techniques such as final exams, standardized tests, projects, and presentations.3. State the level of measurement for each of the following, giving a supporting reason for each answer:i) Ranks of students derived from a test: The level of measurement for ranks of students derived from a test is ordinal. This is because ranking only provides information about the relative order of students' performance, but does not provide information about the exact differences between their scores.ii) Your writing speed in this exam: The level of measurement for your writing speed in this exam is ratio. This is because writing speed can be measured in terms of a specific unit (e.g., words per minute), and it has a true zero point (i.e., a writing speed of zero words per minute indicates the absence of writing speed).iii) Heights above the sea level for different geographical locations in Kenya: The level of measurement for heights above the sea level for different geographical locations in Kenya is ratio. This is because height can be measured in terms of a specific unit (e.g., meters or feet), and it has a true zero point (i.e., a height of zero meters or feet indicates the absence of height).4. Summarize three differences between Competency Based Assessment and Traditional Assessment:a) Focus on specific skills and competencies: Competency-based assessment focuses on assessing students' mastery of specific skills and competencies, while traditional assessment often focuses on broader subject matter knowledge.b) Emphasis on practical application: Competency-based assessment emphasizes the practical application of skills and competencies in real-world contexts, while traditional assessment often focuses on theoretical knowledge.c) Ongoing assessment and feedback: Competency-based assessment involves ongoing assessment and feedback throughout the learning process, while traditional assessment typically involves periodic summative assessments.5. In education, assessment can be either for learning or of learning or as learning. Explain each of these types of assessments giving a relevant example of each:a) Assessment for learning (formative assessment): Assessment for learning is used to support students' learning during the instructional process. It helps teachers to identify students' strengths and weaknesses, diagnose misconceptions, and provide timely interventions. An example of assessment for learning is a teacher using a quick quiz to check students' understanding of a concept before proceeding with the lesson.b) Assessment of learning (summative assessment): Assessment of learning is used to evaluate students' overall achievement at the end of a learning unit or course. It provides a comprehensive picture of students' learning outcomes and helps in making judgments about their mastery of the learning objectives. An example of assessment of learning is a final exam at the end of a semester.c) Assessment as learning: Assessment as learning is a collaborative process where students take an active role in assessing their own learning. It involves students reflecting on their learning, setting goals, and monitoring their progress. An example of assessment as learning is a self-assessment activity where students evaluate their own work and identify areas for improvement.6. Outline two sources of measurement errors in classroom assessment:a) Sampling error: Sampling error occurs when the sample of students selected for assessment is not representative of the entire class. This can

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