12500 oniversal becaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, Micle 12-Respect for cultural diversity and pluralism The importance of cultural diversity and pluralism should be given due regard. However, such considerations are not to be invoked to infringe upon human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms nor upon the principles set out in this Declaration, nor to limit their scope. The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity adopted (2001) , proclaims that: "The defence of cultural diversity is an ethical imperative, inseparable from respect. for human dignity. It implies a commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms. 12 particular the rights of persons belonging to minorities. No one may invoke cultural diversity to infringe upo:human rights guaranteed by international law, nor limit their scope." There is not one absolute standard for all times and all human beings. No one has the whole or only truth: tolerance and the ability to say 'I may be wrong' as well as to see and unde:stand the truth in the other's opinion are central to the ethics of discussion. which is at the core of bioethics.Pluralism ought, therefore, to be part of bioethics in its task of prescribing how science may be applied for the good and welfare of the individual, as well as defining the limits of the permissible. Nevertheless pluralism of culture and values, religious and philosophical perspectives impacts and colours the principles of bioethics. Full autonomy, in some cultures can be seen as limited by various considerations of collective good. Without violating the principle that 'the interests and welfare of the individual should have over the sole interest of science or society'(Article 3(b) of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights), many would agree that, confronted by a pandemic spread of disease , measures such as quarantine or obligatory mass vaccination may be needed, leading to inevitable limitations of freedom and autonomy. How far benefits (beneficence) for the collectivity. rather than solely for the individual, may be allowed to extend is still part of many debates, for example on the limits of genetic screening and selection, or internment of certain psychiatric patients. Refusing euthanasia requested by patients suffering from terminal diseases may be viewed as infringing on their autonomy. Offering certain drug treatments or surgery that entail high risks may conflict with non-maleficence . Plastic surgery to comply with societal fashion may sometimes raise questions about therapeutic aims. The bioethical principles of justice and equality are often subject to local economic variables, be it in capitalistic societies (inequity in health insurance; restricting treatments for old age, e.g dialysis) or in developing countries (lack of means). Q1. Why is respect of cultural diversity and pluralism important? Explain by examples. Q2. Why they should it is part of the Universal Declaration on Bioethies and Human Rights? Explain by examples

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12500 oniversal becaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, Micle 12-Respect for cultural diversity and pluralism The importance of cultural diversity and pluralism should be given due regard. However, such considerations are not to be invoked to infringe upon human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms nor upon the principles set out in this Declaration, nor to limit their scope. The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity adopted (2001) , proclaims that: "The defence of cultural diversity is an ethical imperative, inseparable from respect. for human dignity. It implies a commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms. 12 particular the rights of persons belonging to minorities. No one may invoke cultural diversity to infringe upo:human rights guaranteed by international law, nor limit their scope." There is not one absolute standard for all times and all human beings. No one has the whole or only truth: tolerance and the ability to say 'I may be wrong' as well as to see and unde:stand the truth in the other's opinion are central to the ethics of discussion. which is at the core of bioethics.Pluralism ought, therefore, to be part of bioethics in its task of prescribing how science may be applied for the good and welfare of the individual, as well as defining the limits of the permissible. Nevertheless pluralism of culture and values, religious and philosophical perspectives impacts and colours the principles of bioethics. Full autonomy, in some cultures can be seen as limited by various considerations of collective good. Without violating the principle that 'the interests and welfare of the individual should have over the sole interest of science or society'(Article 3(b) of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights), many would agree that, confronted by a pandemic spread of disease , measures such as quarantine or obligatory mass vaccination may be needed, leading to inevitable limitations of freedom and autonomy. How far benefits (beneficence) for the collectivity. rather than solely for the individual, may be allowed to extend is still part of many debates, for example on the limits of genetic screening and selection, or internment of certain psychiatric patients. Refusing euthanasia requested by patients suffering from terminal diseases may be viewed as infringing on their autonomy. Offering certain drug treatments or surgery that entail high risks may conflict with non-maleficence . Plastic surgery to comply with societal fashion may sometimes raise questions about therapeutic aims. The bioethical principles of justice and equality are often subject to local economic variables, be it in capitalistic societies (inequity in health insurance; restricting treatments for old age, e.g dialysis) or in developing countries (lack of means). Q1. Why is respect of cultural diversity and pluralism important? Explain by examples. Q2. Why they should it is part of the Universal Declaration on Bioethies and Human Rights? Explain by examples

Answer 1

Q1. Respect for cultural diversity and pluralism is important because it acknowledges and values the unique perspectives, beliefs, and practices of different cultures and communities. It recognizes that there is no one "right" way of doing things and that different cultures have their own ways of understanding and interpreting the world.For example, in a multicultural society like Canada, respect for cultural diversity is important because it allows for the coexistence of different cultural groups and promotes mutual understanding and respect. It also helps to foster a sense of belonging and identity for individuals from different cultural backgrounds.In the context of bioethics, respect for cultural diversity and pluralism is important because it recognizes that different cultures may have different beliefs and values around issues such as medical treatment, end-of-life care, and reproductive rights. For example, some cultures may place a greater emphasis on the collective good over individual autonomy, while others may prioritize individual autonomy over collective good. By respecting cultural diversity and pluralism, bioethics can better address the needs and values of different cultural groups and ensure that medical practices and policies are culturally sensitive and appropriate.Q2. The Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights recognizes the importance of cultural diversity and pluralism because it acknowledges that different cultures may have different beliefs and values around bioethical issues. It recognizes that there is no one "right" answer to bioethical questions and that different cultures may have different ways of understanding and addressing these issues.For example, the declaration states that "the defence of cultural diversity is an ethical imperative, inseparable from respect for human dignity. It implies a commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms." This means that the declaration recognizes that cultural diversity is important for protecting human dignity and promoting human rights, and that it is important to respect and protect cultural diversity in the context of bioethics.By incorporating the principle of cultural diversity and pluralism into the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, the declaration recognizes that bioethical decisions should be made in a way that is culturally sensitive and appropriate. It recognizes that different cultures may have different beliefs and values around issues such as medical treatment, end-of-life care, and reproductive rights, and that these beliefs and values should be taken into account when making bioethical decisions.Overall, the recognition of cultural diversity and pluralism in the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights is important because it promotes respect for human dignity, human rights, and fundamental freedoms, and ensures that bioethical decisions are culturally sensitive and appropriate.

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