1. What are the numbers of carbon atoms derived from the first acctyl-CoA that bindsto fattyacid synthase complex in palmitate, theend productofthe pathway? For the answer: a) name the initial substrates for fauy acid synthesis and their source; b) draw the reactions of the first spiral of fatty acid synthesis; b) mark the carbon atoms ('') derived from the first accryl -CoA in the product of the first spiral of fauy acid synthesis: c) answer the question of the problem. 2. After getting 300 of carbohydrates with her meal, a studenthint to bed. What metabolic pathways of faity acids have been activated in the liver about an hour after having a meal?For the answer: a) describe the elucose metabolism in the liver in this condition: b) name the metabolic pathway of fatty acids which has been activated; c) draw the scheme of this pathway and explain the fate of the end products of the pathway in the liver: d) explain the regulation of the pathway. 3. A patient has got cicess carbohydrate meal for the years and gain the weight.To explain this: a) draw the schemes of TAG synthesis in the liver. b) describe the transport of TAG from the liver to adipose tissue; c) describe the functions of insulin in the conversion of elucosc to TAG in the liver and adipose tissue 4. Glucosc containing "Catoms was addedioisolated hepatocytes nanexperiment If the plucose was added in excess, the rate of triacylelyecrol synthesis increased The determination of carbon atoms in the triacylglycerol molccuk confirmed that all carbon atoms in elyecrol and fatty acids were {}^11C atoms. Explain the results of the experiment. For that: a) name the metabolites required for triacylebecrol synthesis which are produced by glucose catabolism: b) draw the scheme of elucose catabolism to metabolites required for tracylelyccrol synthesis which would explain the appearance of {}^11C atoms in the triacylglyecrol molceule: e)draw the schome representing the conversion of extra elucose to triacylglyccrols in the liver 5. One student has got 300 g of carbohydrates and 50 g of protcins with dinner. another -300g of carbohydrates and 50 s of fats.Both did not carry out any physical activity. Explain the difference in the lipoprotein composition in their blood one hour after the meal.For the answer. a) name all types of lipoproteins and describe their structure and functions: b) draw, the schemics explaining the difference in the lipoprotcin formation in both students: c) name the methods used for lipoproteins analysis of serum blood: d) draw the scheme of electrophoresis of strum lipoprotcins for both students.

Question

1. What are the numbers of carbon atoms derived from the first acctyl-CoA that bindsto fattyacid synthase complex in palmitate, theend productofthe pathway? For the answer: a) name the initial substrates for fauy acid synthesis and their source; b) draw the reactions of the first spiral of fatty acid synthesis; b) mark the carbon atoms ('') derived from the first accryl -CoA in the product of the first spiral of fauy acid synthesis: c) answer the question of the problem. 2. After getting 300 of carbohydrates with her meal, a studenthint to bed. What metabolic pathways of faity acids have been activated in the liver about an hour after having a meal?For the answer: a) describe the elucose metabolism in the liver in this condition: b) name the metabolic pathway of fatty acids which has been activated; c) draw the scheme of this pathway and explain the fate of the end products of the pathway in the liver: d) explain the regulation of the pathway. 3. A patient has got cicess carbohydrate meal for the years and gain the weight.To explain this: a) draw the schemes of TAG synthesis in the liver. b) describe the transport of TAG from the liver to adipose tissue; c) describe the functions of insulin in the conversion of elucosc to TAG in the liver and adipose tissue 4. Glucosc containing "Catoms was addedioisolated hepatocytes nanexperiment If the plucose was added in excess, the rate of triacylelyecrol synthesis increased The determination of carbon atoms in the triacylglycerol molccuk confirmed that all carbon atoms in elyecrol and fatty acids were {}^11C atoms. Explain the results of the experiment. For that: a) name the metabolites required for triacylebecrol synthesis which are produced by glucose catabolism: b) draw the scheme of elucose catabolism to metabolites required for tracylelyccrol synthesis which would explain the appearance of {}^11C atoms in the triacylglyecrol molceule: e)draw the schome representing the conversion of extra elucose to triacylglyccrols in the liver 5. One student has got 300 g of carbohydrates and 50 g of protcins with dinner. another -300g of carbohydrates and 50 s of fats.Both did not carry out any physical activity. Explain the difference in the lipoprotein composition in their blood one hour after the meal.For the answer. a) name all types of lipoproteins and describe their structure and functions: b) draw, the schemics explaining the difference in the lipoprotcin formation in both students: c) name the methods used for lipoproteins analysis of serum blood: d) draw the scheme of electrophoresis of strum lipoprotcins for both students.

Answer 1

a) The initial substrates for fatty acid synthesis are acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, which are derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates and other nutrients.b) The reactions of the first spiral of fatty acid synthesis involve the condensation of acetyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA to form palmitoyl-CoA, which is then reduced and hydrolyzed to form palmitate.c) The carbon atoms derived from the first acetyl-CoA that bind to fatty acid synthase complex in palmitate are the first two carbon atoms in the acetyl-CoA molecule.2. a) In the liver, glucose is initially stored as glycogen. When glycogen stores are full, excess glucose is converted to fatty acids through the process of lipogenesis.b) The metabolic pathway of fatty acids that has been activated is lipogenesis.c) Lipogenesis involves the conversion of glucose to acetyl-CoA, which is then converted to malonyl-CoA and used to form fatty acids. The end products of this pathway are fatty acids, which can be stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue or used as an energy source by various tissues.d) The regulation of lipogenesis is primarily controlled by the availability of glucose and the levels of insulin and glucagon in the blood. When glucose levels are high, insulin levels increase, promoting lipogenesis. When glucose levels are low, glucagon levels increase, inhibiting lipogenesis.3. a) The synthesis of triglycerides (TAG) in the liver involves the esterification of fatty acids to glycerol, forming triglycerides.b) Triglycerides are transported from the liver to adipose tissue through the bloodstream, bound to lipoproteins.c) Insulin plays a crucial role in the conversion of glucose to TAG in the liver and adipose tissue. Insulin stimulates the activity of enzymes involved in the synthesis of fatty acids and inhibits the breakdown of fatty acids, promoting the storage of TAG.4. a) The metabolites required for triacylglycerol synthesis that are produced by glucose catabolism are acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA.b) Glucose catabolism involves the breakdown of glucose to produce pyruvate, which is then converted to acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can then be used to form malonyl-CoA, which is used in the synthesis of fatty acids.c) The conversion of extra glucose to triacylglycerols in the liver involves the conversion of glucose to acetyl-CoA, which is then used to form fatty acids. These fatty acids can then be esterified to glycerol to form triacylglycerols.5. a) There are several types of lipoproteins, including chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Each type of lipoprotein has a specific structure and function in the transport of lipids in the blood.b) The difference in the lipoprotein composition in the blood of the two students one hour after the meal can be explained by the fact that the student who consumed carbohydrates and proteins will have a higher level of VLDL and LDL, while the student who consumed fats will have a higher level of chylomicrons.c) Methods used for lipoprotein analysis of serum blood include gel filtration chromatography, electrophoresis, and immunoassays.d) The scheme of electrophoresis of serum lipoproteins for both students would show the different types of lipoproteins present in the blood, with the student who consumed carbohydrates and proteins having a higher level of VLDL and LDL, and the student who consumed fats having a higher level of chylomicrons.

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