Educational and research task 4. Determine the main types of motor activity of the digestive tract. - Motor function is carried out by muscles at the beginning and end of the digestive tract. The main and auxiliary muscles are involved in chewing, the muscles of the and the muscles of the upper third of the esophagus are involved in swallowing, control of defecation is carried out through the external sphincter of the rectum. - Below the upper third of the esophagus to the external sphincter of the rectum motor function is realized by muscles. In the wall of the digestive tract,an external and layers of smooth muscle cells. Myocytes are electrically connected with each other through a large number of nexuses, thanks to which it is possible to conduct excitation from one cell to another, that is, the muscle layer functions as a syncytium . As a result of electrical activity slowly spreading through in the cell membrane , there is an almost continuous excitation of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. There are two types of electrical activity: (1) ; (2) 1.1 are slow wave-like changes in the membrane potential. Theiramplitude usually varies from 5 to 15 mV. The cause of slow waves is the spontaneous activity of pacemaker smooth muscle cells From them the depolarization wave propagates through electrical contacts along longitudinal and circulatory layers of muscle cells. Slow waves usually do not by themselves cause muscle contractions in the gastrointestinal tract, except for;perhaps the stomach. Instead, they mainly cause the appearance of action potentials, and PD, in turn, cause muscle contraction. 1.2 __ is formed when the membrane potential is reached -40mV (the maximum value of the membrane potential of a smooth muscle cell of the gastrointestinal tract varies from -50 to -60mV ). The higher the amplitude of the slow waves , the action potential occurs more often; usually the frequency varies from 1 to 10 action potentials per second. Each

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Educational and research task 4. Determine the main types of motor activity of the digestive tract. - Motor function is carried out by muscles at the beginning and end of the digestive tract. The main and auxiliary muscles are involved in chewing, the muscles of the and the muscles of the upper third of the esophagus are involved in swallowing, control of defecation is carried out through the external sphincter of the rectum. - Below the upper third of the esophagus to the external sphincter of the rectum motor function is realized by muscles. In the wall of the digestive tract,an external and layers of smooth muscle cells. Myocytes are electrically connected with each other through a large number of nexuses, thanks to which it is possible to conduct excitation from one cell to another, that is, the muscle layer functions as a syncytium . As a result of electrical activity slowly spreading through in the cell membrane , there is an almost continuous excitation of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. There are two types of electrical activity: (1) ; (2) 1.1 are slow wave-like changes in the membrane potential. Theiramplitude usually varies from 5 to 15 mV. The cause of slow waves is the spontaneous activity of pacemaker smooth muscle cells From them the depolarization wave propagates through electrical contacts along longitudinal and circulatory layers of muscle cells. Slow waves usually do not by themselves cause muscle contractions in the gastrointestinal tract, except for;perhaps the stomach. Instead, they mainly cause the appearance of action potentials, and PD, in turn, cause muscle contraction. 1.2 __ is formed when the membrane potential is reached -40mV (the maximum value of the membrane potential of a smooth muscle cell of the gastrointestinal tract varies from -50 to -60mV ). The higher the amplitude of the slow waves , the action potential occurs more often; usually the frequency varies from 1 to 10 action potentials per second. Each

Answer 1

Motor activity of the digestive tract is carried out by smooth muscles. The main and auxiliary muscles are involved in chewing, the muscles of the pharynx and the muscles of the upper third of the esophagus are involved in swallowing, and control of defecation is carried out through the external sphincter of the rectum.Below the upper third of the esophagus to the external sphincter of the rectum, motor function is realized by smooth muscles. In the wall of the digestive tract, there is an external longitudinal layer and an inner circular layer of smooth muscle cells. Myocytes are electrically connected with each other through a large number of nexuses, thanks to which it is possible to conduct excitation from one cell to another, that is, the muscle layer functions as a syncytium. As a result of electrical activity slowly spreading through the cell membrane, there is an almost continuous excitation of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. There are two types of electrical activity: (1) slow waves; (2) action potentials.1.1 Slow waves are slow wave-like changes in the membrane potential. Their amplitude usually varies from 5 to 15 mV. The cause of slow waves is the spontaneous activity of pacemaker smooth muscle cells. From them, the depolarization wave propagates through electrical contacts along longitudinal and circulatory layers of muscle cells. Slow waves usually do not by themselves cause muscle contractions in the gastrointestinal tract, except for perhaps the stomach. Instead, they mainly cause the appearance of action potentials, and PD, in turn, cause muscle contraction.1.2 Action potential is formed when the membrane potential is reached -40mV (the maximum value of the membrane potential of a smooth muscle cell of the gastrointestinal tract varies from -50 to -60mV). The higher the amplitude of the slow waves, the action potential occurs more often; usually the frequency varies from 1 to 10 action potentials per second. Each action potential triggers muscle contraction.

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