Вопрос
1. (a) Explain the philosophical views about child development by Plato and Aristotle. (b)Explain the key milestones in language development during pre-speech stage. (4 marks) (4 marks) (c) Using retevant examples, explain the following concepts as used by Lev Vygotsky: (6. marks) Scaffolding ii. Zone of proximal development (d)With the use of appropriate examples, explain three types of childhood play. (4 marks) (e) .Referring to the rights of the child, explain two challenges feoed in implementing the rights. (6 marks) 2. Coinyave growth and development as used in developmental psychology. (4 marks) (b) Explain the following principles of devolopment. i. Development is a circzional and sequential process. (6 marks) it. Development is e result of maintion and learning. (6 marks) iii. Development proceeds Grom general to specific. (4 marks) 3. Discuss the three stages of presatal development outlizing the major schievements of ench. (14 monks)
Решения
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(154 Голоса)
Маргарита
элита · Репетитор 8 лет
Ответ
1. (a) **Philosophical Views on Child Development by Plato and Aristotle:** - **Plato:** Plato believed that children are born with innate knowledge, which is present at birth but needs to be awakened. He emphasized the importance of early education in nurturing this innate knowledge. - **Aristotle:** Aristotle, on the other hand, held the view that children are born as blank slates (tabula rasa) and that knowledge is acquired through experience and sensory input. He emphasized the role of the environment and experiences in shaping a child's development.(b) **Key Milestones in Language Development During Pre-Speech Stage:** - **Cooing (2-3 months):** Infants produce vowel-like sounds, such as "oo" and "aa," often in response to familiar voices. - **Babbling (6-8 months):** Infants begin to produce repetitive consonant-vowel combinations, such as "bababa" or "dadada." This stage marks the beginning of vocal experimentation. - **First Words (12-18 months):** Infants start to produce their first words, usually simple and concrete nouns like "mama," "dada," or "ball." This marks the beginning of meaningful communication.(c) **Lev Vygotsky's Concepts:** - **Scaffolding:** Scaffolding refers to the support provided by a more knowledgeable other (MKO) to help a learner achieve a task within their Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). As the learner becomes more competent, the support is gradually removed. - **Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):** The ZPD is the range of tasks that a learner can perform with the help of an MKO but cannot yet perform independently. It represents the potential for learning and development.(d) **Types of Childhood Play:** - **Solitary Play:** This type of play involves a child playing alone, engaging in activities such as building blocks or drawing. It allows for self-expression and creativity. - **Parallel Play:** In parallel play, children play alongside each other but do not interact directly. They may be engaged in similar activities but are focused on their own play. - **Cooperative Play:** Cooperative play involves children playing together towards a common goal or engaging in a shared activity. It promotes social interaction and teamwork.(e) **Challenges in Implementing the Rights of the Child:** - **Child Labor:** Despite international conventions, child labor persists in many parts of the world, depriving children of their right to education and safe working conditions. - **Child Abuse and Neglect:** Children's rights are often violated through abuse and neglect, either in the form of physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. Ensuring protection and prevention measures is a significant challenge.2. (a) **Cognitive Growth and Development in Developmental Psychology:** - Cognitive growth and development refer to the changes and advancements in thinking, reasoning, problem-solving, and information processing abilities as individuals progress through different stages of life.(b) **Principles of Development:** - **Development is a Circular and Sequential Process:** Development is not a linear progression but rather a circular process where individuals may revisit and relearn previously acquired skills and knowledge. It is also sequential, following a predictable pattern of stages. - **Development is a Result of Maturation and Learning:** Development is influenced by both biological maturation (natural growth and aging) and learning experiences (interaction with the environment and acquiring new skills). - **Development Proceeds from General to Specific:** Development starts with broad, general abilities and gradually becomes more specific and specialized. For example, a child may first develop the ability to recognize faces in general before learning to recognize specific family members.3. **Three Stages of Prenatal Development:** - **Germinal Stage (0-2 weeks):** This stage begins with fertilization and lasts until the embryo implants in the uterine wall. Major achievements include the formation of the zygote, blastocyst, and the beginning of cell differentiation. - **Embryonic Stage (3-8 weeks):** During this stage, the major organs and body systems begin to develop. The embryo is particularly vulnerable to teratogens (harmful substances) that can cause birth defects. - **Fetal Stage (9 weeks to birth):** The fetal stage is characterized by the growth and maturation of the organs and systems established during the embryonic stage. The fetus undergoes significant growth in size and weight, and the organs become fully functional.