1. In diseases of internal organs - heart and liver - along with other biochemical parameters, the activity of LDH isoenzymes (lactate dehydrogenase) is investigated. Explain why?What class does this enzyme belong to? What type of reactions does it catalyze? 2. A 45-year-old man was admitted to the clinic complaining of severe epigastric pain with irradiation in the back , accompanied by vomiting During the examination , high activity of alpha amylase and trypsin was detected in the blood High amylase activity is detected in urine. Specify the pathology associated with these changes. 3. Glucose penetrates into skeletal muscles slowly, and its concentration in them is low - about 0.01-0.1 mM. Why is the enzyme hexokinase preferable to glucokinase for glucose activation under these conditions? 4. The patient suffers from muscle cramps during strenuous physical work, but otherwise feels healthy. A biopsy of the muscle tissue revealed that the concentration of glycogen in the muscles of this patient is much higher than normal . Why does glycogen accumulate? How can we prevent cramps at work? 5. A child of the first year of life was given sweet fruit juice for the first time. Some time after that, he started vomiting and convulsing. What could be the reason for their occurrence? What advice should parents give? 6. The content of ketone bodies in the patient's blood and urine is sharply increased. What is the name of this condition and when does it occur? 7. When examining the patient, the doctor noted multiple petechiae on the body, an increase in the size of the spleen and liver. In the blood, the activity of ebrosidase was 1.4nmol/mgast h (norm 4.7-19.0 ). What kind of disease can be diagnosed in a patient? What treatment will the doctor prescribe? Justify the answer. 8. Statins are highly effective hypocholesterolemic drugs . What is the mechanism of their action based on? 9. One of the methods of treatment of cholelithiasis is associated with prolonged administration of henodeoxycholic acid into the patient's body. How can the therapeutic effect of this drug be explained? 10. The patient was admitted to the clinic complaining of abdominal pain that occurs after eating, especially fatty food Laboratory analysis: blood serum is cloudy throughout the entire volume of the test tube. When standing in the refrigerator for 10 hours, a cloudy creamy top layer formed the serum is transparent under the layer. The TAG level is 9.9mmol/1 (norm: 0.5-2.0mmol/l) . The activity of serum LPL (lipoprotein lipase) is 0.0 units. Evaluate the results of the research. What are the biochemical disorders underlying this disease? Is the risk of atherosclerosis increased in this patient?

1. The activity of LDH isoenzymes is investigated in diseases of internal organs such as the heart and liver because LDH is an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate, which are important intermediates in cellular metabolism. LDH isoenzymes are classified into five classes (LDH1-5) based on their electrophoretic mobility. The type of reactions catalyzed by LDH isoenzymes are the reversible interconversion of lactate and pyruvate.<br />2. The pathology associated with high activity of α-amylase and trypsin in the blood, along with high amylase activity in the urine, is pancreatitis. Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas that can cause severe abdominal pain and can lead to the release of digestive enzymes into the blood, which can cause damage to the organs.<br />3. Hexokinase is preferable to glucokinase for glucose activation under these conditions because hexokinase has a lower Km value for glucose, which means it has a higher affinity for glucose and can catalyze the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate even at low concentrations of glucose.<br />4. The accumulation of glycogen in the muscles of the patient can be due to a defect in the breakdown of glycogen, such as a deficiency of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. To prevent cramps at work, the patient can try to avoid strenuous physical activity or take breaks to rest and stretch.<br />5. The vomiting and convulsions in the child could be due to a reaction to the fructose in the fruit juice. Some people are unable to fully digest fructose, which can cause symptoms such as bloating, cramping, and diarrhea. Parents should consult a doctor and avoid giving the child fruit juice or other foods that contain fructose.<br />6. The condition characterized by an increase in the content of ketone bodies in the blood and urine is called ketonemia or ketonuria. It occurs when the body is unable to use glucose as a source of energy and instead breaks down fat, producing ketones as a byproduct.<br />7. The disease that can be diagnosed in the patient based on the symptoms and the low activity of ebrosidase in the blood is leukemia. Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. Treatment for leukemia may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or bone marrow transplantation.<br />8. Statins work by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which is involved in the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver. By reducing the amount of cholesterol produced in the liver, statins can help lower the levels of cholesterol in the blood and reduce the risk of heart disease.<br />9. Ursodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid that is used to dissolve gallstones. It works by reducing the concentration of cholesterol in the bile, which can help prevent the formation of gallstones.<br />10. The results of the research indicate that the patient has hypertriglyceridemia, which is an elevated level of triglycerides in the blood. The lack of activity of serum LPL suggests that there is a problem with the metabolism of triglycerides. The risk of atherosclerosis is increased in this patient due to the high level of triglycerides in the blood.