The doctrine of a single substance, which is the couse of the very himself, i.e. by God and nature at the same time __ Select one answer: F. Feuerbach B. Spinoza G. Leibniz R. Descartes

The correct answer is B. Spinoza.<br /><br />The doctrine of a single substance, which is the cause of itself, i.e., by God and nature at the same time, is a central concept in the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza. Spinoza's philosophy is known as Spinozism, and his work "Ethics" is a foundational text in this tradition.<br /><br />Spinoza's concept of substance is unique in that he posits only one substance, which he calls "God or Nature." This single substance is self-causing and self-sustaining, and everything else is a mode or attribute of this substance. Spinoza's philosophy emphasizes the unity of God and nature, and he argues that God is not a separate, transcendent being but rather the immanent, all-encompassing substance that constitutes the universe.<br /><br />The other options provided are not correct in this context:<br /><br />F. Feuerbach was a German philosopher known for his critique of religion and his influence on Marx's materialism, but he did not develop the doctrine of a single substance.<br /><br />G. Leibniz was a German philosopher and mathematician who developed the concept of monads, which are indivisible, self-contained units that make up the universe. While Leibniz's philosophy shares some similarities with Spinoza's, it is distinct in its emphasis on the plurality of monads rather than a single substance.<br /><br />R. Descartes was a French philosopher known for his dualism, which posits the existence of two separate substances: mind (res cogitans) and matter (res extensa). This is in contrast to Spinoza's monistic view of a single substance.