Name and illustrate the different types of flagella arrangements in Bacteria. (4n Discuss briefly the ecological role that in an ecosystem. Describe the two methods of asexual reproduction in Bacteria. (4n . Distinguish between Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae. 4n . Fungi are a nuisance to man; discuss. (4r How does a light microscope differ from electron microscope? ." Highlight the similarities between Pteridaphytes and Bryophytes. (4r (4r) Draw a well labelled diagram of the structure of a monera and state the functions o labelled parts. 4n Briefly discuss the functions of the stem. (4n 0. Explain the meaning of phyllotaxy and give examples. (4n arrangement (4

1. **Flagella Arrangements in Bacteria:**<br /> - Monotrichous: Single flagellum.<br /> - Lophotrichous: Cluster of flagella at one end.<br /> - Amphitrichous: Flagella at both ends.<br /> - Peritrichous: Flagella distributed over the entire surface.<br /><br />2. **Ecological Role in an Ecosystem:**<br /> - Bacteria play a crucial role in nutrient cycling, decomposition, and maintaining the balance of ecosystems.<br /><br />3. **Asexual Reproduction in Bacteria:**<br /> - Binary Fission: Division into two identical cells.<br /> - Budding: Formation of a new organism from a bud.<br /><br />4. **Phaeophyceae vs. Rhodophyceae:**<br /> - Phaeophyceae: Brown algae, found in colder waters.<br /> - Rhodophyceae: Red algae, found in deeper waters.<br /><br />5. **Fungi as a Nuisance to Man:**<br /> - Fungi can cause diseases, spoil food, and damage crops.<br /><br />6. **Light Microscope vs. Electron Microscope:**<br /> - Light microscope uses visible light, while electron microscope uses electrons for higher resolution.<br /><br />7. **Similarities between Pteridaphytes and Bryophytes:**<br /> - Both are non-vascular plants and reproduce through spores.<br /><br />8. **Structure of a Monera:**<br /> - Diagram with labeled parts and functions.<br /><br />9. **Functions of the Stem:**<br /> - Support, transport nutrients, and house vascular tissues.<br /><br />10. **Phyllotaxy:**<br /> - Arrangement of leaves on a stem. Examples: spiral phyllotaxy, opposite phyllotaxy.