Paper 7 Immunity Vaccines 1. Characterize the peculincities of primary and secondary immune response. 2. What's the principle of toxin neutralization test?Enumerate the types of toxin neutralization test. 3. Characterize the principle of immunoblotting Significance. 4. Classification and examples of live vaccines for specific prophylaxis. Advantages and disadvantages of live vaccines.

1. The primary immune response refers to the body's initial reaction to a specific antigen. It is characterized by the activation of naive B and T cells, which then differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells. The primary immune response is typically slower and less effective than the secondary immune response. The secondary immune response, on the other hand, occurs when the body is exposed to the same antigen again. It is characterized by a faster and more robust response due to the presence of memory cells that have been generated during the primary immune response.<br /><br />2. The principle of the toxin neutralization test is to determine the ability of an antiserum to neutralize the toxicity of a specific toxin. The types of toxin neutralization tests include the toxin neutralization test using the mouse bioassay method and the toxin neutralization test using the tissue culture method.<br /><br />3. Immunoblotting, also known as Western blotting, is a technique used to detect specific proteins in a sample. The principle of immunoblotting involves separating proteins by gel electrophoresis, transferring them onto a membrane, and then probing the membrane with specific antibodies to detect the target protein. The significance of immunoblotting lies in its ability to provide detailed information about protein expression and interactions, making it a valuable tool in various fields such as immunology, microbiology, and molecular biology.<br /><br />4. Live vaccines are classified based on the type of microorganism used, such as attenuated live vaccines and inactivated live vaccines. Examples of live vaccines include the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, the varicella vaccine, and the oral polio vaccine. Advantages of live vaccines include their ability to provide long-lasting immunity and their potential to mimic a natural infection, which can stimulate a strong immune response. However, disadvantages include the risk of reverting to a virulent form and the potential for causing mild side effects, such as fever and rash.