2. Explain three types of goals (6marks) 3. Describe five characteristics of effective goal in a given organization 4. Illustrate five factors that hinder attainment of goals (10marks)

2. Three types of goals are:<br /><br />a. Process Goals: These goals focus on the specific actions or processes that need to be carried out to achieve a desired outcome. They are often short-term and can be measured in terms of specific milestones or checkpoints.<br /><br />b. Outcome Goals: These goals focus on the end result or outcome that is desired. They are often long-term and can be measured in terms of specific metrics or indicators.<br /><br />c. Performance Goals: These goals focus on the level of performance or achievement that is desired. They can be specific, such as achieving a certain score or level of proficiency, or more general, such as improving performance or increasing efficiency.<br /><br />3. Five characteristics of effective goals in a given organization are:<br /><br />a. Specific: Effective goals are clear and specific, leaving no room for ambiguity or confusion. They provide a clear direction and focus for the organization.<br /><br />b. Measurable: Effective goals are quantifiable and can be measured in terms of specific metrics or indicators. This allows the organization to track progress and make adjustments as needed.<br /><br />c. Achievable: Effective goals are realistic and achievable, taking into account the organization's resources and capabilities. They are challenging but not impossible to achieve.<br /><br />d. Relevant: Effective goals are aligned with the organization's overall mission and objectives. They are relevant to the organization's purpose and contribute to its overall success.<br /><br />e. Time-bound: Effective goals have a specific timeline or deadline for completion. This helps the organization prioritize tasks and allocate resources effectively.<br /><br />4. Five factors that hinder the attainment of goals are:<br /><br />a. Lack of resources: Insufficient resources, such as time, money, or personnel, can hinder the attainment of goals. Organizations may need to allocate resources effectively to ensure that they have the necessary resources to achieve their goals.<br /><br />b. Lack of commitment: If individuals or teams within the organization are not committed to achieving the goals, it can hinder progress. Organizations need to ensure that everyone is aligned and committed to the goals.<br /><br />c. Poor communication: Ineffective communication can lead to misunderstandings, confusion, and lack of coordination. Organizations need to ensure that communication is clear and effective to ensure that everyone is on the same page.<br /><br />d. Resistance to change: Individuals or teams within the organization may resist changes or new initiatives that are necessary to achieve the goals. Organizations need to address any resistance and ensure that everyone is on board with the changes.<br /><br />e. Lack of monitoring and evaluation: Without regular monitoring and evaluation, organizations may not be able to track progress or identify areas for improvement. Organizations need to establish systems for monitoring and evaluating progress to ensure that they are on track to achieve their goals.