What is the role in nature?Give at least four estimates. Name the main features of the structure and vital activity of bacteria Give at least 6 features. In which branches of the economy are bacteria used?Give at least four examples. Excavation work during the construction of one of the facilities ; led to the discovery of a 100 -year-old cattle burial ground . Some time later, a quarantine was declared in this area due to an epidemic of anthrax , the causative agent of which is bacteria. How can . this situation be explained from a biological I point of view? 5. Why do foods spoil?What are the ways to protect foods from rotting? Name at least five ways . Reveal the biological essence of the methods used.

1. The role of bacteria in nature can be summarized as follows:<br /> - Decomposition of organic matter, recycling nutrients in ecosystems.<br /> - Nitrogen fixation, converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants.<br /> - Symbiotic relationships with other organisms, such as in the human gut or in the roots of leguminous plants.<br /> - Pathogenic effects, causing diseases in plants, animals, and humans.<br /><br />2. The main features of the structure and vital activity of bacteria include:<br /> - Prokaryotic cell structure, lacking a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.<br /> - Cell wall composition, which can be either Gram-positive or Gram-negative.<br /> - Reproduction through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction.<br /> - Metabolic diversity, with the ability to utilize a wide range of energy sources.<br /> - Adaptability to various environmental conditions, including extreme habitats.<br /> - Genetic exchange through processes such as transformation, transduction, and conjugation.<br /><br />3. Bacteria are used in various branches of the economy, including:<br /> - Agriculture: Rhizobia bacteria in the roots of leguminous plants, promoting nitrogen fixation.<br /> - Food industry: Lactic acid bacteria in the production of fermented foods like yogurt and sauerkraut.<br /> - Bioremediation: Bacteria used to break down pollutants and clean up contaminated environments.<br /> - Pharmaceutical industry: Bacteria used in the production of antibiotics and other therapeutic compounds.<br /><br />4. The situation of the 100-year-old cattle burial ground and the subsequent anthrax epidemic can be explained from a biological perspective as follows:<br /> - The decomposition of the buried cattle carcasses provided a suitable environment for the growth and survival of Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax.<br /> - The bacteria spores could have been released into the surrounding soil and water, leading to the spread of the infection.<br /> - The close proximity of the construction activities to the burial ground increased the risk of disturbance and exposure to the bacteria, resulting in the declaration of the quarantine.<br /><br />5. Foods spoil due to the activity of microorganisms, such as bacteria, molds, and yeasts, which break down the food components and produce off-flavors, odors, and changes in texture.<br /> - To protect foods from spoiling, the following methods can be employed:<br /> 1. Refrigeration: Slows down the growth of microorganisms.<br /> 2. Canning: Sterilization of the food by heat.<br /> 3. Drying: Removal of moisture to inhibit microbial growth.<br /> 4. Salting: Addition of salt to create a high osmotic pressure environment.<br /> 5. Pasteurization: Heat treatment to kill or inactivate spoilage microorganisms.