! Write main elements of a claim in the case of medical negligence 2 What kind of medical research is regulated by the law? 3 3 Write the international acts declaring (regulatir ig) human rights 4 Is it possible to donate org ans for reward? 5 How is medical research regulated? acting to achieve a goal and d omitting to act knowing it will produce the same result?

1. Main elements of a claim in the case of medical negligence:<br />- Duty of care: The healthcare provider owed a duty of care to the patient.<br />- Breach of duty: The healthcare provider breached their duty of care by failing to provide the standard of care that a reasonable healthcare provider would have provided in the same circumstances.<br />- Causation: The breach of duty directly caused harm to the patient.<br />- Damages: The patient suffered actual harm or injury as a result of the breach of duty.<br /><br />2. Medical research regulated by the law:<br />Clinical trials involving human participants are regulated by law to ensure the safety and well-being of the participants. This includes regulations around informed consent, ethical review boards, and the reporting of adverse events. Additionally, research involving the use of human tissues and embryos is also subject to strict regulations.<br /><br />3. International acts declaring (regulating) human rights:<br />- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, the UDHR sets out fundamental human rights to be universally protected.<br />- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR): This treaty commits its parties to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, including the rights to life, freedom of expression, and freedom of religion.<br />- Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC): This treaty outlines the rights of children, including the right to education, the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and development of the child, and the right to be protected from all forms of abuse.<br /><br />4. Donating organs for reward:<br />Donating organs for reward is generally prohibited in most jurisdictions. The primary ethical principle behind organ transplantation is that organs should be allocated based on medical need and not on the basis of financial considerations. Allowing organ sales could create a system of inequality where only those who can afford to pay receive transplants, while others are left without.<br /><br />5. Regulation of medical research:<br />Medical research is regulated to ensure the safety and well-being of participants, the integrity of the research, and the quality of the data collected. Key aspects of regulation include:<br />- Informed consent: Participants must be fully informed about the nature of the research, potential risks, and benefits before agreeing to participate.<br />- Ethical review: Research proposals are reviewed by ethics committees or institutional review boards (IRBs) to ensure they meet ethical standards.<br />- Regulatory approval: Research involving human participants often requires approval from regulatory agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States, to ensure compliance with legal and safety standards.<br />- Reporting and monitoring: Researchers are required to report adverse events and monitor the long-term effects of their studies to ensure participant safety and the reliability of the data.<br /><br />6. Acting to achieve a goal and omitting to act knowing it will produce the same result:<br />This concept is often referred to as "omission" in legal and ethical contexts. If an individual chooses to omit taking an action that they know would prevent a negative outcome, they may be held accountable for the consequences of that omission. For example, if a lifeguard sees someone drowning and chooses not to help, they could be held liable for the person's death if it is proven that they had the means and opportunity to save the individual.