When tomato high plants with round-shaped fruit are crossed with short plants having pear-shaped fruit at the F_(1) generation, all offspring are high with round- shaped fruit. If this F1 generation is test crossed the offspring at the F2 generation are of two varieties. Solve this task and give diagram. Determine the genotype of each parent and offspring at the F1 and F2 generation . Explain formation of two phenotypic groups at the F2 generation.

To solve this genetics problem, we can use the Punnett square to determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents, F1 generation, and F2 generation.<br /><br />Let's denote the traits as follows:<br />- High plant height (H) is dominant over short plant height (h).<br />- Round-shaped fruit (R) is dominant over pear-shaped fruit (r).<br /><br />Given information:<br />- The F1 generation is obtained by crossing high plants with round-shaped fruit (HH RR) with short plants having pear-shaped fruit (hh rr).<br />- All offspring in the F1 generation are high with round-shaped fruit.<br /><br />Step 1: Determine the genotypes of the parents.<br />Parent 1: High plant height (HH) and round-shaped fruit (RR)<br />Parent 2: Short plant height (hh) and pear-shaped fruit (rr)<br /><br />Step 2: Determine the genotype of the F1 generation.<br />Since all offspring in the F1 generation are high with round-shaped fruit, their genotype must be Hh Rr.<br /><br />Step 3: Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the F2 generation.<br />To determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the F2 generation, we need to perform a test cross between the F1 generation (Hh Rr) and a homozygous recessive individual (hh rr).<br /><br />Punnett square for the test cross:<br /><br />| | h | r |<br />|-------|----|----|<br />| H | Hh | Hr |<br />| h | hh | hr |<br /><br />From the Punnett square, we can see that the possible genotypes of the F2 generation are:<br />- Hh Rr (High with round-shaped fruit)<br />- hh Rr (Short with round-shaped fruit)<br /><br />The phenotypes of the F2 generation are:<br />- High with round-shaped fruit (Hh Rr)<br />- Short with round-shaped fruit (hh Rr)<br /><br />Step 4: Explain the formation of two phenotypic groups at the F2 generation.<br />The formation of two phenotypic groups at the F2 generation is due to the segregation of the alleles during gamete formation. When the F1 generation (Hh Rr) undergoes meiosis, the alleles for plant height (H and h) and fruit shape (R and r) segregate into different gametes. This results in the formation of four possible combinations of alleles in the F2 generation: Hh Rr and hh Rr.<br /><br />The Hh Rr genotype results in the high plant height and round-shaped fruit phenotype, while the hh Rr genotype results in the short plant height and round-shaped fruit phenotype. This is why we observe two distinct phenotypic groups in the F2 generation.