1. What is the key reason why the concept of morality can be considered independent from formal legal regulation,despite possible intersections with legal norms? a) Morality always adapts to changes in legal norms. b) Moral principles are individual and vary depending on personal interests. c) Morality is based on personal beliefs and social norms that reflect notions of good and evil, which are not always enshrined in law. d) Moral principles are governed exclusively by religious beliefs. 2. How does the concept of duty, as understood in deontology differ from the concept of responsibility, as emphasized in utilitarian theories? a) Duty in deontology is directed toward personal benefits, while responsibility in utilitarianism is toward collective interests. b) Duty in deontology requires action according to prescribed norms, regardless of consequences, while responsibility in utilitarianism evaluates actions based on their outcomes for society. c) In deontology, duty is conditioned by moral standards.while in utilitarianism, it's guided by pragmatic goals. d) Responsibility in utilitarianism is personal, while in deontology , duty is always social. 3. Which ethical category most accurately reflects the moral conflict of a professional who must make decisions that contradict their own understanding of good in order to fulfill their duty? b) Conscience a) Responsibility c) Duty d) Altruism 4. Which of the principles most consistently represents the utilitarian perspective in evaluating a medical error that led to unforeseen consequences? a) The action should be judged solely by its end result, not the doctor's intentions. b) An error is evaluated only by the moral motivation behind the act. c) The error should be condemned if it violates professional standards, regardless of consequences. d) An error may be justified if the doctor's intentions were initially positive. 5. Which statement best reflects the relationship between the ethical notion of "duty"'and the moral category of "conscience" within the context of the approach to conduct? a) Conscience always dictates , regardless of circumstances. b) Duty and conscience are mutually exclusive, as one implies personal emotions and the other social obligations. c) Conscience helps define the personal moral boundaries of duty, reinforcing motivation to follow rules, even if they conflict with personal interests. d) Duty is self-sufficient and does not require the category of conscience. 6. In the context of the World Medical Association's Internationa ) Code of Ethics, how does the principle of beneficence justify a physician's obligation to prioritize patient welfare over institutional policies that may restrict certain treatments? a) The principle mandates that the physician adhere strictly to institutional policies, regardless of their potential impact on patient welfare. b) The principle of beneficence allows the physician to act against institutional policies when those policies compromise the patient's best interests, thereby justifying a deviation from standard practice. c) The principle of beneficence emphasizes the importance of patient welfare but must always be balanced with legal compliance and institutional guidelines. adherence to these policies is the primary concern. d) The principle of beneficence is irrelevant when institutional policies dictate treatment protocols, as BIOETIMICS. CREDIT TEST. VARIANT 7. Considering the ethical of non-maleficence, how should a physician approach a situation where a patient requires a procedure that entails significant risks, yet the benefits may outweigh these risks? a) The physician should avoid discussing the risks altogether to prevent causing anxiety for the patient, focusing solely on the benefits. b) The physician can recommend the procedure without extensive explanation of risks, as long as the patient appears willing to proceed. c) The physician should insist on the procedure due to its potential benefits, dismissing the patient's concerns about risks. d) The physician must thoroughl explain both the risks and benefits of the procedure to the patient, enabling informed decision-making while ensuring that the principle ficence is upheld. 8. How does the principle apply to the allocation of limited medical resources in a healthcare system that aims to ensure equitable access to care for all patients? a) The principle of justice dictates that all patients should be treated equally, regardless of their socioeconomic status, requiring a transparent and fair distribution of medical resources. b) The principle of justice supports prioritizing patients based on their ability to pay , ensuring that those with more financial resources receive quicker access to care. c) The principle of justice is secondary to the principles of beneficence and as patient welfare should always take precedence over equity concerns. d) The principle of justice allows for preferential treatment of patients based on their medical needs, irrespective of other factors. 9. In light of the principle outlined in the medical ethics code, what actions should a physician take when faced with a situation where disclosing a patient's sensitive information could prevent harm to others? a) The physician must prioritize patient confidentiality and refrain from disclosing any information.as trust is paramount in the physician -patient relationship. b) The physician can breach they believe that the disclosure is necessary to prevent harm to others, but only after consulting legal and ethical guidelines. c) The physician should seek the patient's consent to disclose the information , ensuring that the patient's autonomy is respected. d) The physician can disclose the information without any prior consideration, as preventing harm to others takes precedence over patient confidentiality. 10. When considering informed consent, how should a healthcare provider ensure that a patient comprehensively understands the medical especially in cases involving complex treatments? a) The healthcare provider should provide written materials that outline the treatment process,expecting the patient to review them independently. b) The healthcare provider can summarize the treatment in simple terms, relying on the patient's prior experiences with medical procedures to fill in the gaps. c) The healthcare provider must engage in a dialogue with the patient, using clear and accessible language while allowing ample opportunity for questions and clarifications about the treatment. d) The healthcare provider should focus on obtaining a signature on the consent form rather than ensuring the patient understands all aspects of the treatment.