3. The dioxygenas pathway of oxidation . Differences from the monooxidase pathway.Examples of reactions. Cofactors and coenzymes of the process. Antioxidants Mcchanisms of antioxidant defence (AOP) their classification. Pro-oxidants . Mcchanisms of peroxidation of phospholipids of cell membranes , proteins and nucleic acids. Formation of malonic dialdchyde and diene conjugates.

The dioxygenase pathway of oxidation involves the incorporation of molecular oxygen (O2) into the substrate, resulting in the formation of hydroxylated products. This pathway is distinct from the monooxidase pathway, which involves the removal of one oxygen atom from the substrate, forming a hydroxylated product.<br /><br />Examples of reactions in the dioxygenase pathway include the conversion of fatty acids to hydroxylated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid to 15-hydroxyarachidonic acid, and the conversion of amino acids to hydroxylated amino acids, such as phenylalanine to tyrosine.<br /><br />The cofactors and coenzymes involved in the dioxygenase pathway include molecular oxygen (O2), NADH, and NADPH. These cofactors and coenzymes play a crucial role in the catalytic activity of dioxygenases, which are a type of enzyme that catalyze the incorporation of oxygen into the substrate.<br /><br />Antioxidants are molecules that can neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative damage to cells. They can be classified into different categories based on their mechanism of action, such as chain-breaking antioxidants, which break the chain of radical propagation, and peroxyl radical scavengers, which react with peroxyl radicals to form stable products.<br /><br />Pro-oxidants, on the other hand, are molecules that can generate free radicals and promote oxidative stress. They can contribute to the initiation of lipid peroxidation, which is the oxidative degradation of lipids in cell membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids.<br /><br />Lipid peroxidation can lead to the formation of malonic dialdehyde and diene conjugates, which are markers of oxidative damage. These molecules can be detected in various tissues and fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissues, and can be used as indicators of oxidative stress and inflammation.