Situational Problems 1. What are the numbers of carbon atoms derived from the first acctyl-CoA that bindstof cutyacid synthase complex in palmitate, the end product of the pathway? For the hiswer: a) name the initial substrates for fauy acid synthesis and their source; b) draw the reactions of the first spiral of faity acid synthesis; b) mark the carbon atoms (") derived from the first acctyl-CoA in the product of the first spiral of fatty acid synthesis: c) answer the question of the problem. 2. After getting 300 of carbohydrates with her meal, a student went to bcd. What metabolic pathways of fauty acids have been activated in the liver about an hour after having a meal?For the answer: a) describe the glucose metabolism in the liver in this condition; b) name the metabolic pathway of fauy acids which has been activated; c) draw the scheme of this pathway and explain the fate of the end products of the pathway in the liver; d) explain the regulation of the pathway. 3. A patient has got excess carbohydrate meal for the years and gain the weight. To explain this: a) draw the schemes of TAG synthesis in the liver; b) describe the transport of TAG from the liver to adipose tissue; c) describe the functions of insulin in the conversion of glucosc to TAG in the liver and adiposc tissue. 4. Glucosccontaining "Catoms was addedtoisolated hepatocylesinar experiment. If the elucose was added in excess, the rate of triacylelyecrol synthesis increased. The determination of carbon atoms in the triacylelycerol molecule confirmed that all carbon atoms in glyccrol and fatty acids were {}^14C atoms. Explain the results of the experiment. For that: a) name the metabolices required for triacylelyccrol synthesis which are produced by glucosc catabolism: b) draw the scheme of glucose catabolism to metabolites required for triacylglyccrol synthesis which would explain the appearance of {}^14C atoms in the triacylelyecrol molccule; c) draw the scheme representing the conversion of extra glucose to triacylglyccrols in the liver. 5. One student has got 300 e of carbohydrates and 50 g of proteins with dinner. another -300g of carbohydrates and 50 g of fats.Both did not carry out any physical activity. Explain the difference in the lipoprotein composition in their blood one hour after the meal. For the answer: a) name all types of lipoproteins and describe their structure and functions: b) draw, the schemes explaining the difference in the lipoprotcin formation in both students: c) name the methods used for lipoprotcins.analysis o'scrum blood; d) draw the scheme of electrophoresis of serum lipoproteins for both students.

1. a) The initial substrates for fatty acid synthesis are acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, which are derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates and other substrates.<br />b) The reactions of the first spiral of fatty acid synthesis involve the condensation of acetyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA to form palmitoyl-CoA, which is then reduced and converted to palmitate.<br />c) The carbon atoms derived from the first acetyl-CoA that binds to the fatty acid synthase complex in palmitate are the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th carbon atoms.<br />d) The number of carbon atoms derived from the first acetyl-CoA that binds to the fatty acid synthase complex in palmitate is 4.<br /><br />2. a) In the liver, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis and gluconeogenesis to maintain blood glucose levels.<br />b) The metabolic pathway of fatty acids that has been activated is beta-oxidation.<br />c) Beta-oxidation involves the breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, which can then enter the citric acid cycle for energy production.<br />d) The regulation of beta-oxidation is controlled by the availability of fatty acids and the energy needs of the cell.<br /><br />3. a) The scheme of TAG synthesis in the liver involves the esterification of fatty acids to glycerol to form triacylglycerol.<br />b) TAG is transported from the liver to adipose tissue through the bloodstream, where it is stored for energy reserves.<br />c) Insulin plays a crucial role in the conversion of glucose to TAG in the liver and adipose tissue by promoting the storage of glucose as glycogen and inhibiting the breakdown of glycogen.<br /><br />4. a) The metabolites required for triacylglycerol synthesis which are produced by glucose catabolism are acetyl-CoA and glycerol.<br />b) Glucose is broken down through glycolysis to produce pyruvate, which is then converted to acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can then be used for the synthesis of fatty acids, while glycerol can be used for the synthesis of triacylglycerol.<br />c) Extra glucose is converted to triacylglycerol in the liver through the process of de novo lipogenesis, where acetyl-CoA is converted to fatty acids, which are then esterified to glycerol to form triacylglycerol.<br /><br />5. a) There are several types of lipoproteins, including chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Each type of lipoprotein has a specific structure and function in the transport of lipids in the bloodstream.<br />b) The difference in lipoprotein composition in the blood of the two students can be explained by the different types of nutrients they consumed. The student who consumed carbohydrates and proteins will have higher levels of VLDL and LDL, while the student who consumed fats will have higher levels of chylomicrons and VLDL.<br />c) Methods used for lipoprotein analysis in serum blood include gel filtration chromatography, electrophoresis, and immunoassays.<br />d) The scheme of electrophoresis of serum lipoproteins for both students would show the different types of lipoproteins present in their blood, with the student who consumed carbohydrates and proteins having higher levels of VLDL and LDL, and the student who consumed fats having higher levels of chylomicrons and VLDL.