3 scored answers 1. What is the phenomenon of light polarization? 2. What types of polarized light exist and how does polarized light differ from natural l light? 3. The degree of light polarization. 4. Formulate and explain the laws of Malus, Brewster and Biot. 5. What phenomena are the methods for obtaining polarized light based on? How is a polaroid different from a polarizer? 6. What is the phenomenon of birefringence? What are the properties of ordinary and extraordinary rays? 4, 5 scored answers 1. Why is the reflected light incident on the interface between two media at the Brewster angle linearly polarized? How is refracted light polarized? Why? 2. For what reasons is Brewster's law in some cases not fully implemented? 3. Artificial optical anisotropy of matter.

1. The phenomenon of light polarization refers to the restriction of the vibrations of light waves in a particular direction. When light is polarized, the electric field vectors of the light waves are confined to a specific plane, resulting in a linearly polarized light wave.<br />2. There are two types of polarized light: linearly polarized light and elliptically polarized light. Linearly polarized light has electric field vectors confined to a single plane, while elliptically polarized light has electric field vectors confined to an ellipse. Polarized light differs from natural light in that natural light consists of a mixture of polarized light waves with different polarization states, while polarized light has a specific polarization state.<br />3. The degree of light polarization refers to the fraction of the light intensity that is polarized. It is a measure of the amount of light that is polarized in a given light beam.<br />4. The laws of Malus, Brewster, and Biot are fundamental principles in the study of light polarization. Malus' law describes the relationship between the intensity of polarized light passing through a polarizer and the angle of incidence. Brewster's law describes the angle at which light is completely polarized when reflected off a surface. Biot's law describes the relationship between the refractive index of a birefringent material and the angle of incidence of light passing through it.<br />5. The methods for obtaining polarized light are based on the phenomenon of light polarization. A polaroid is a type of polarizer that consists of a thin film of material that absorbs light waves oriented in certain directions, allowing only light waves oriented in a specific direction to pass through. A polarizer, on the other hand, is a device that converts natural light into polarized light by restricting the vibrations of the light waves to a specific plane.<br />6. The phenomenon of birefringence refers to the splitting of a light wave into two rays when it passes through a birefringent material. The ordinary ray is the ray that is slower and has a smaller refractive index, while the extraordinary ray is the ray that is faster and has a larger refractive index. The properties of ordinary and extraordinary rays are determined by the optical anisotropy of the birefringent material.