4. Distinguish the following a. Noumena and phenomena (5 Marks) b. Transcendental phenomenology and ontological phenomenology (5 Marks) c. Existential phenomenology and hermeneutical phenomenology (5 Marks) 5. Elucidate the contributions of the following French scholars to phenomenology and lessons learnt from each of them. a. Jean-Luc Marion (5 Marks) b. Emmanuel Levina (5 Marks) c. Paul Ricoeur (5 Marks) 6. Discuss the significance of any three characteristics of phenomenology of religion in describing a religious phenomenon (15 Marks)

4. Distinguish the following:<br /><br />a. Noumena and phenomena (5 Marks)<br /> - Noumena refers to the things-in-themselves, the reality that exists independently of our perception or understanding. Phenomena, on the other hand, are the things as they appear to us, the objects of our experience and perception.<br /><br />b. Transcendental phenomenology and ontological phenomenology (5 Marks)<br /> - Transcendental phenomenology focuses on the study of the structures of consciousness and the ways in which we experience the world. Ontological phenomenology, on the other hand, investigates the nature of being and existence, exploring the fundamental categories of reality.<br /><br />c. Existential phenomenology and hermeneutical phenomenology (5 Marks)<br /> - Existential phenomenology emphasizes the role of human existence and the lived experience of individuals. Hermeneutical phenomenology, on the other hand, focuses on the interpretation and understanding of human experiences, drawing on hermeneutics, the theory and methodology of interpretation.<br /><br />5. Elucidate the contributions of the following French scholars to phenomenology and lessons learnt from each of them.<br /><br />a. Jean-Luc Marion (5 Marks)<br /> - Jean-Luc Marion is known for his work on the phenomenology of love and the concept of "saturated" phenomena, which are events or experiences that exceed our understanding and expectations. His work has contributed to the development of phenomenology by emphasizing the importance of love and the excess of meaning in human experience. Lessons learnt from Marion include the need to consider the excess of meaning and the importance of love in phenomenological analysis.<br /><br />b. Emmanuel Levinas (5 Marks)<br /> - Emmanuel Levinas is recognized for his development of ethical phenomenology, particularly his concept of the "Other" and the ethical responsibility towards the Other. His work has influenced the field of phenomenology by highlighting the ethical dimensions of human experience and the importance of interpersonal relationships. Lessons learnt from Levinas include the significance of ethics and the role of the Other in shaping human experience.<br /><br />c. Paul Ricoeur (5 Marks)<br /> - Paul Ricoeur is known for his contributions to hermeneutical phenomenology and his work on the philosophy of language. He developed the concept of "symbolic mediation" and emphasized the importance of interpretation in understanding human experience. Ricoeur's work has expanded phenomenology by incorporating hermeneutics and exploring the role of language in shaping our understanding of the world. Lessons learnt from Ricoeur include the importance of interpretation and the role of language in phenomenological analysis.<br /><br />6. Discuss the significance of any three characteristics of phenomenology of religion in describing a religious phenomenon (15 Marks)<br /> - Three characteristics of phenomenology of religion that are significant in describing a religious phenomenon are:<br /><br /> 1. Intentionality: Phenomenology of religion emphasizes the importance of understanding the intentional structure of religious experiences. This means examining the purpose or goal behind religious practices, beliefs, and rituals. By focusing on intentionality, phenomenology of religion helps to uncover the underlying meanings and motivations behind religious phenomena.<br /><br /> 2. Epistemology: Phenomenology of religion recognizes the importance of epistemology, or the study of knowledge, in understanding religious phenomena. This involves examining the ways in which religious knowledge is acquired, validated, and communicated. By exploring the epistemological aspects of religion, phenomenology of religion helps to shed light on the sources and criteria of religious truth.<br /><br /> 3. Hermeneutics: Phenomenology of religion incorporates hermeneutics, or the theory and methodology of interpretation, in its analysis of religious phenomena. This means considering the interpretive frameworks and cultural contexts that shape our understanding of religious experiences. By employing hermeneutics, phenomenology of religion helps to uncover the deeper meanings and significance of religious phenomena within their specific historical and cultural contexts.