1. Describe the Russian principalities during the XIII-XV centuries. 2. The fight against aggression in the XIII-XIV centuries:campaigns of Batu Khan, crusades. 3. The formation of a unified Russian state in the XV century. Features of centralization in Europe and Russia. 4. Internal and foreign policy of the Moscow Princes: from Ivan I to Vasily III. 5. Russian culture of the XIII-XV centuries.

1. During the XIII-XV centuries, Russia was composed of numerous principalities, also known as 'eigneuries' or 'fiefs'. These principalities were ruled by nobles, known as 'boyars', who held their positions through inheritance. The princes, who were the rulers of these principalities, were often in conflict with each other, leading to a lack of unity in the region.<br />2. The fight against aggression in the XIII-XIV centuries involved campaigns by Batu Khan, a Mongol leader, and the Crusades, a series of religious wars initiated by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The Mongol campaigns resulted in the establishment of the Golden Horde, a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate in the western part of the Mongol Empire. The Crusades, on the other hand, were aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land from Muslim control.<br />3. The formation of a unified Russian state in the XV century was marked by the centralization of power in the hands of the Moscow princes. This centralization was facilitated by the expansion of trade routes, the establishment of a centralized administrative system, and the promotion of Orthodox Christianity as the state religion. In Europe, centralization was often achieved through the establishment of strong monarchies and the suppression of feudalism. In Russia, centralization was achieved through the expansion of the Moscow principality and the subjugation of other principalities.<br />4. The internal and foreign policy of the Moscow princes, from Ivan I to Vasily III, was characterized by a focus on expanding the territory of the Moscow principality and consolidating power within the region. This was achieved through military campaigns, diplomatic negotiations, and the establishment of a centralized administrative system. The Moscow princes also promoted Orthodox Christianity as the state religion and sought to establish Moscow as the cultural and spiritual center of Russia.<br />5. The Russian culture of the XIII-XV centuries was characterized by a strong emphasis on Orthodox Christianity, which was promoted by the Moscow princes as the state religion. This period also saw the development of a distinct Russian literary tradition, with the works of the 'onk writers' and the 'court writers' being particularly influential. The architecture of the period was marked by the construction of Orthodox churches and monasteries, which served as centers of religious and cultural life.