ariant 8. Pleose complete the following tasks on a seporate answer sheet. Write your last name, first name, voriont, and group number on the answer sheet. Task 1. This test will evaluate your understanding of key philosophical terms,theories, and thinkers. Each question is multiple-choice. Choose the best answer for each question based on your knowledge of philosophy. 1. What does Aristotle mean by "virtue as the mean"? A. Virtue is found between two extremes of behavior. B. Virtue is determined by personal desires. C. Virtue requires complete self-sacrifice D. Virtue is innate and unchang cable E. Virtue is only relevant to social customs. 2. What is the primary focus of Kant's deentological ethics? A. Happiness C. Consequences D. Self-interest. 3. According to Mill what distinguishes higher pleasures from lower pleasures? A. Higher pleasures are physical, and lower pleasures are intellectual B. Higher pleasures are more enduring and fulfilling. C. Higher pleasures are accessible only to clites. D. Higher pleasures require materi I wealth. E. Higher pleasures are the same for all individuals. 4. What is the central concept of utilitarianism? A. Justice as fairness. B. Maximizing happiness for the greatest number. C. Duty regardless of consequences D. Pursuit of individual interests. E. Obedience to universal laws. 5. According to Hume, what is the basis of moral judgments? A. Rationality B. Divine commands C. Emotions and sentiments E. Cultural traditions. 6. What is Nietzsche's critique of traditional morality? A. It is based on reason. B. It denies the will to power. C. It encourages strength and nobility D. It is rooted in self affirmation E. It aligns with slave morality. What role does the sovereign play in Hobbes's social contract theory? A. To enforce divine law B. To maintain order and sccurity. C. To maximize individual freedoms. D. To represent the will of the people E. To abolish natural rights. What does Rousseau meat by "man is born free.and everywhere he is in chains"? hat Social structures liberate individuals B. Civilization corrupts natural frecdom C. Freedom requires collective action. D. Humans are naturally predisposed to slavery E Frecdom is irrclev ant to society. 9. What is the ultimate goal of Epicurean ethics? A. Maximizing wealth B. Avoiding pain and achieving tranquility C. Pursuing intense physical pleasures. D. Following divine will E. Rejecting all societal norms. 10. According to Sartre what is bad faith? A. The denial of one's freedom. B. A commitment to moral principles. C. The rejection of existential despair D. Embracing societal norms authentically. E. The rejection of God's existence. 11. What is the central question of virtue ethics? A. What kind of person should I be? B. What actions maximize happiness? C. What duties must I fulfill? D. What are socicty s expectations? E. What are the consequences of my actions? a Suicide C Rebellion D. Faith E. Acceptance of meaninglessness. 13. What does Sartre mean by "freedom is a barden"? A. Freedom eliminates cthical concerns. B. Frecdsm comes with complete responsibility. C. Freedom is a gift from society. D. Fresdom requires divine guidance E. Frocdom is unncoessary in an absurd world. 14. How does Kant define autonomy? A. Acting according to external laws B. Acting according to self-imposed moral laws. C. Acting without considering consequences D. Acting based on divine commandments. E. Acting to maximize happiness. 15. What distinguishe role-utilitarianism from act-atilitarianism? A. Rule-utilitarianism focuses on specific acts. B. Rule-utilitarianism privitures general rules that maximize happiness D. Rule-utilitarianism rejests happiness as a goal Task 2. Fill-in the-Blask Questions. Complet each sentence by filling in the black with the correct term or concept.Draw on your understa ding of philosophical theories and figures to identify the appropriate word or phrase that best completes each statement.