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Variant 13 I f(10) Define the term "metabolism the main functions of metabolism. Define the concepts of "apabolism" and "catabolism". Give examples of key metabolites. 2 (10). Write the reactions of conversion of fructose -1,6-bisphosphate to glucose Name the enzymes involved and their intracellular location. Specify the role of gluconeogenesi s in the body and the conditions in which its rate increases. 3 (10). Draw a diagram of the glycogen process. Name the enzyme of these reactions an characterize the effect of hormones on the activity of this enzyme. Specify the biological role of glycogen mobilization. Choose one correct answer: 4. The second stage of nutrient catabolism involves the conversion: A. starch-glucose B. fatty acids-acetyl-CoA C. fats - fatty acids + glycerol D. proteins-amino acids E. acetyl-CoA- CO_(2)+H_(2)O 5. The dissociating coenzymes of the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex are: A. HS-CoA and NAD B. NAD^+ and FAD C. FAD and TDP D. TDP and lipoic acid E. lipoic acid and HS-CoA 6. The multienzyme complex catalyzes the conversion reaction: __ A. oxaloacetate acetyl-CoA - citrate B. succinate - fumarate C. isocitrate -a-ketoglutarate D. a-ketoglutarate -CoA E. malate-oxaloacetate 7. Vitamin B_(1) is a part of the coenzyme: A. NAD B. FAD C. HS-CoA D. TPP E. pyridoxal phosphate 8. Uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation in mitochondria indicates that: P_(i) accelerates A. ATP formation from ADP and B. O_(2) consumption stops, but the synthesis of ATP occurs C. ATP synthesis stops.but O_(2) consumption occurs consumption stops D. O_(2) E. decomposition of ATP to ADP and P_(i) accelerates 9. The final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial respiratory chain is: A. molecular oxygen B. atomic oxygen Cu^2+ C. D. cytochrome c E. cytochrome a 10. Microsoma I oxidation is called free oxidation because: A. monooxygenase chain enzymes do not have substrate specificity B. it is not to the phosphorylation of ADP C. in this process., oxygen is incorporated into the oxidized substrate D. cytochrome P450 catalyzes not only hydroxylation, but also other reactions E. hydrogen donors for these reactions are both NADPH and NADH 11. A newborn baby after breastfeeding has dyspeptic disorders (vomiting, diarrhea). This allows to sus lack of one of the following enzymes: A. 1,6-glycosidase B. fructose-1-phosphate aldolase C. phosphofructokinase D. lactase E. maltase

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Variant 13 I f(10) Define the term "metabolism the main functions of metabolism. Define the concepts of "apabolism" and "catabolism". Give examples of key metabolites. 2 (10). Write the reactions of conversion of fructose -1,6-bisphosphate to glucose Name the enzymes involved and their intracellular location. Specify the role of gluconeogenesi s in the body and the conditions in which its rate increases. 3 (10). Draw a diagram of the glycogen process. Name the enzyme of these reactions an characterize the effect of hormones on the activity of this enzyme. Specify the biological role of glycogen mobilization. Choose one correct answer: 4. The second stage of nutrient catabolism involves the conversion: A. starch-glucose B. fatty acids-acetyl-CoA C. fats - fatty acids + glycerol D. proteins-amino acids E. acetyl-CoA- CO_(2)+H_(2)O 5. The dissociating coenzymes of the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex are: A. HS-CoA and NAD B. NAD^+ and FAD C. FAD and TDP D. TDP and lipoic acid E. lipoic acid and HS-CoA 6. The multienzyme complex catalyzes the conversion reaction: __ A. oxaloacetate acetyl-CoA - citrate B. succinate - fumarate C. isocitrate -a-ketoglutarate D. a-ketoglutarate -CoA E. malate-oxaloacetate 7. Vitamin B_(1) is a part of the coenzyme: A. NAD B. FAD C. HS-CoA D. TPP E. pyridoxal phosphate 8. Uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation in mitochondria indicates that: P_(i) accelerates A. ATP formation from ADP and B. O_(2) consumption stops, but the synthesis of ATP occurs C. ATP synthesis stops.but O_(2) consumption occurs consumption stops D. O_(2) E. decomposition of ATP to ADP and P_(i) accelerates 9. The final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial respiratory chain is: A. molecular oxygen B. atomic oxygen Cu^2+ C. D. cytochrome c E. cytochrome a 10. Microsoma I oxidation is called free oxidation because: A. monooxygenase chain enzymes do not have substrate specificity B. it is not to the phosphorylation of ADP C. in this process., oxygen is incorporated into the oxidized substrate D. cytochrome P450 catalyzes not only hydroxylation, but also other reactions E. hydrogen donors for these reactions are both NADPH and NADH 11. A newborn baby after breastfeeding has dyspeptic disorders (vomiting, diarrhea). This allows to sus lack of one of the following enzymes: A. 1,6-glycosidase B. fructose-1-phosphate aldolase C. phosphofructokinase D. lactase E. maltase

Variant 13 I f(10) Define the term "metabolism the main functions of metabolism. Define the concepts of "apabolism" and "catabolism". Give examples of key metabolites. 2 (10). Write the reactions of conversion of fructose -1,6-bisphosphate to glucose Name the enzymes involved and their intracellular location. Specify the role of gluconeogenesi s in the body and the conditions in which its rate increases. 3 (10). Draw a diagram of the glycogen process. Name the enzyme of these reactions an characterize the effect of hormones on the activity of this enzyme. Specify the biological role of glycogen mobilization. Choose one correct answer: 4. The second stage of nutrient catabolism involves the conversion: A. starch-glucose B. fatty acids-acetyl-CoA C. fats - fatty acids + glycerol D. proteins-amino acids E. acetyl-CoA- CO_(2)+H_(2)O 5. The dissociating coenzymes of the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex are: A. HS-CoA and NAD B. NAD^+ and FAD C. FAD and TDP D. TDP and lipoic acid E. lipoic acid and HS-CoA 6. The multienzyme complex catalyzes the conversion reaction: __ A. oxaloacetate acetyl-CoA - citrate B. succinate - fumarate C. isocitrate -a-ketoglutarate D. a-ketoglutarate -CoA E. malate-oxaloacetate 7. Vitamin B_(1) is a part of the coenzyme: A. NAD B. FAD C. HS-CoA D. TPP E. pyridoxal phosphate 8. Uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation in mitochondria indicates that: P_(i) accelerates A. ATP formation from ADP and B. O_(2) consumption stops, but the synthesis of ATP occurs C. ATP synthesis stops.but O_(2) consumption occurs consumption stops D. O_(2) E. decomposition of ATP to ADP and P_(i) accelerates 9. The final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial respiratory chain is: A. molecular oxygen B. atomic oxygen Cu^2+ C. D. cytochrome c E. cytochrome a 10. Microsoma I oxidation is called free oxidation because: A. monooxygenase chain enzymes do not have substrate specificity B. it is not to the phosphorylation of ADP C. in this process., oxygen is incorporated into the oxidized substrate D. cytochrome P450 catalyzes not only hydroxylation, but also other reactions E. hydrogen donors for these reactions are both NADPH and NADH 11. A newborn baby after breastfeeding has dyspeptic disorders (vomiting, diarrhea). This allows to sus lack of one of the following enzymes: A. 1,6-glycosidase B. fructose-1-phosphate aldolase C. phosphofructokinase D. lactase E. maltase

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Variant 13<br /><br />1. Metabolism refers to the set of chemical reactions that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. The main functions of metabolism include energy production, biosynthesis of macromolecules, and degradation of molecules for energy production. Anabolism is the process of building up complex molecules from simpler ones, while catabolism is the process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones. Key metabolites include glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and ATP.<br /><br />2. The reaction of conversion of fructose-6-bisphosphate to glucose involves the following steps:<br />Fructose-6-bisphosphate → Fructose-6-phosphate<br />Fructose-6-phosphate → Fructose-1-phosphate<br />Fructose-1-phosphate → Fructose<br />Fructose → Glucose<br />The enzymes involved are phosphofructokinase (PFK-1), fructose-1-phosphate aldolase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The intracellular location of these enzymes is the cytoplasm. Gluconeogenesis is the process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol. It plays a crucial role in maintaining blood glucose levels during periods of fasting or low carbohydrate intake. The rate of gluconeogenesis increases when blood glucose levels are low, such as during fasting or intense exercise.<br /><br />3. The glycogen mobilization process involves the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. The regulatory enzyme of these reactions is glycogen phosphorylase. Hormones such as glucagon and epinephrine activate glycogen phosphorylase, leading to the release of glucose from glycogen. The biological role of glycogen mobilization is to provide energy for the body's metabolic needs, especially during periods of fasting or intense exercise.<br /><br />Choose one correct answer:<br />4. B. fatty acids-acetyl-CoA<br />5. E. lipoic acid and $HS-CoA$<br />6. A. oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA → citrate<br />7. D. TPP<br />8. C. ATP synthesis stops, but $O_{2}$ consumption occurs<br />9. A. molecular oxygen<br />10. C. in this process, oxygen is incorporated into the oxidized substrate<br />11. D. lactase
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