1. Explain five principles of learning. [10 marks] (b) Describe briefly the following terms as applied in the teaching learning process (i) Teacher centred learning [5 marks] (ii) Pupil centred teaching [5 marks] (iii) Low-teach learning [5 marks] (iv) High tech learning [5 marks] 2. (a) Discuss three teaching methods used for learners at the early childhood education level. [12 marks] (b) Examine four reasons on the suitability of demonstration method of teaching for young learners. [8 marks] 3. (a) Discuss five advantages of using role-play teaching method for school beginners. [10 marks] (b) Explain five signific ance of carrying out academic evaluation [10 marks] Page 1 of 2 EDCI 321 4. Discuss four types of evaluation done among learners within the Kenya education curriculum. [20 marks]

1. (a) Five principles of learning:<br />1. Active learning: Learners actively participate in the learning process, rather than passively receiving information.<br />2. Constructivism: Learners construct their own understanding and knowledge through experiences and reflection.<br />3. Goal-oriented learning: Learners have clear learning objectives and goals, and they work towards achieving them.<br />4. Personalized learning: Learners have the opportunity to tailor their learning experiences to their individual needs and preferences.<br />5. Continuous learning: Learning is an ongoing process, and learners continuously build upon their existing knowledge and skills.<br /><br />(b) (i) Teacher-centered learning: In this approach, the teacher is the primary source of knowledge and instruction, and students are expected to passively receive information from the teacher.<br /><br />(ii) Pupil-centered teaching: In this approach, the focus is on the students' learning needs and interests, and the teacher facilitates and guides the students' learning process.<br /><br />(iii) Low-tech learning: This refers to teaching methods that rely on minimal technology, such as traditional textbooks and manual activities.<br /><br />(iv) High-tech learning: This refers to teaching methods that incorporate advanced technology, such as interactive whiteboards, online resources, and multimedia tools.<br /><br />2. (a) Three teaching methods used for learners at the early childhood education level:<br />1. Play-based learning: This method involves using play as a means of learning, where children engage in activities that promote cognitive, social, and emotional development.<br />2. Storytelling: This method involves using stories to convey messages and teach children about various concepts and values. Hands-on learning: This method involves providing children with physical materials and activities that allow them to explore and learn through direct experience.<br /><br />(b) Four reasons on the suitability of demonstration method of teaching for young learners:<br />1. Visual learning: Young learners often benefit from visual stimuli, and demonstrations provide a visual representation of the concept being taught.<br />2. Active engagement: Demonstrations encourage active participation and engagement from the learners, as they observe and interact with the demonstration.<br />3. Concrete understanding: Demonstrations help young learners understand abstract concepts by providing a concrete example or model to observe and interact with.<br />4. Retention: Demonstrations can aid in memory retention, as learners are able to see and experience the concept being taught, rather than just hearing or reading about it.<br /><br />3. (a) Five advantages of using role-play teaching method for school beginners:<br />1. Enhances creativity: Role-play encourages students to think creatively and explore different scenarios and characters.<br />2. Develops social skills: Role-play provides opportunities for students to interact with their peers and develop social skills such as communication, cooperation, and empathy.<br />3. Reinforces learning: Role-play allows students to actively engage with the material, which can enhance retention and understanding of the concepts being taught.<br />4. Builds confidence: Role-play provides a safe and supportive environment for students to take risks and try new things, which can help build their confidence.<br />5. Promotes problem-solving skills: Role-play encourages students to think critically and come up with solutions to problems or challenges they encounter during the activity.<br /><br />(b) Five significance of carrying out academic evaluation:<br />1. Assessing learning outcomes: Academic evaluation helps to determine the effectiveness of teaching methods and the extent to which students have achieved the learning objectives.<br />2. Identifying areas for improvement: Academic evaluation helps to identify areas where students may be struggling or where additional support may be needed.<br />3. Providing feedback: Academic evaluation provides feedback to both students and teachers, allowing them to reflect on their progress and make adjustments as needed.<br />4. Informing instructional decisions: Academic evaluation data can be used to inform instructional decisions, such as adjusting teaching methods or curriculum content.<br />5. Promoting accountability: Academic evaluation helps to promote accountability among students, as they are held responsible for their own learning and progress.<br /><br />4. Four types of evaluation done among learners within the Kenya education curriculum:<br />1. Formative evaluation: This type of evaluation is conducted during the learning process to provide feedback and make adjustments to instruction.<br />2. Summative evaluation: This type of evaluation is conducted at the end of a unit or course to assess the overall achievement of the students.<br />3. Diagnostic evaluation: This type of evaluation is conducted at the beginning of a unit or course to identify students' prior knowledge and skills.<br />4. Norm-referenced evaluation: This type of evaluation compares students' performance to a norm group, such as a national or regional average, to determine their relative standing.