(c) (d) (c) (f) Describe one indicator for each of the following: i. Growth ii. Development Explain how the following may influence child dev.'opment: (4 marks) i. Nutrition ii. Sleep, rest and activity Suggest two challenges encountered in Kenya in the provision of children's rights. (2 marks) Describe the developmental milestones experienced during the first two weeks after fertilization. (4 marks) Describe two reflexes that newborns show immediately after birth. (4 marks) Describe two physical and physiological changes in girls during adolescence. (2 marks)

i. Growth: One indicator of growth is an increase in height, weight, and other physical measurements over time.<br /><br />ii. Development: One indicator of development is the acquisition of new skills and abilities, such as learning to speak, walk, or solve problems.<br /><br />Explain how the following may influence child development:<br /><br />i. Nutrition: Proper nutrition is essential for child development as it provides the necessary nutrients for growth, brain development, and overall health. Malnutrition can lead to stunted growth, cognitive delays, and increased susceptibility to illnesses.<br /><br />ii. Sleep, rest, and activity: Adequate sleep, rest, and physical activity are crucial for child development. Sleep is necessary for brain development, memory consolidation, and overall well-being. Lack of sleep can lead to irritability, difficulty concentrating, and weakened immune function. Regular physical activity promotes healthy growth, muscle development, and cardiovascular health.<br /><br />Suggest two challenges encountered in Kenya in the provision of children's rights:<br /><br />1. Access to education: Many children in Kenya face barriers in accessing quality education, including poverty, lack of infrastructure, and gender discrimination.<br /><br />2. Child labor and exploitation: Child labor is a significant challenge in Kenya, with many children being forced to work in hazardous conditions or engage in exploitative activities, depriving them of their right to education and a safe childhood.<br /><br />Describe the developmental milestones experienced during the first two weeks after fertilization:<br /><br />During the first two weeks after fertilization, the fertilized egg, called a zygote, undergoes rapid cell division and forms a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants into the uterine lining and develops into an embryo. Major milestones during this period include the formation of the placenta, the development of the neural tube (which will eventually form the brain and spinal cord), and the beginning of organogenesis, where the major organs start to form.<br /><br />Describe two reflexes that newborns show immediately after birth:<br /><br />1. Rooting reflex: When the corner of the baby's mouth is stroked or touched, they will turn their head and open their mouth, searching for a nipple or finger to suck on. This reflex helps ensure that the baby can find the breast or bottle to begin feeding.<br /><br />2. Sucking reflex: When something is placed in the baby's mouth, they will begin to suck vigorously. This reflex is essential for feeding and survival.<br /><br />Describe two physical and physiological changes in girls during adolescence:<br /><br />1. Physical changes: During adolescence, girls experience the onset of menstruation, which is a sign of reproductive maturity. This is accompanied by the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development and the growth of pubic and underarm hair.<br /><br />2. Physiological changes: Girls also experience hormonal changes during adolescence, including an increase in estrogen levels. These hormonal changes can lead to mood swings, increased sensitivity, and changes in body composition, such as a redistribution of body fat.