QUESTION ONE Test construction is an exercise that goes through a series of steps . Identify these steps as they are applied in test preparation (15 marks) Explain any five characteristics of a good instructional objective (5marks) Before administration of an examination paper, it is crucial that the paper is moderated. Discuss this statement. (5 marks) QUESTION TWO Using relevant examples, discuss the different scales used in measurement (15 marks) QUESTION THREE A good test must have specific characteristics, Discuss this statement (15 marks) QUESTION FOUR Explain the reasons why a table of specification:is important when planning for a test (15 marks) QUESTION FIVE Explain the major functions of test in education (15 marks)

QUESTION ONE<br /><br />Test construction is an exercise that goes through a series of steps. Identify these steps as they are applied in test preparation (15 marks)<br /><br />The steps involved in test construction are:<br /><br />1. **Defining the Purpose of the Test:** The first step is to clearly define the purpose of the test, such as assessing specific skills or knowledge areas.<br /><br />2. **Identifying the Target Population:** Determine the group of individuals for whom the test is intended, such as students in a particular grade level or a specific subject area.<br /><br />3. **Selecting the Content Domain:** Identify the specific content or skills that the test will cover, based on the defined purpose and target population.<br /><br />4. **Developing Test Items:** Create a pool of potential test items, such as questions or tasks, that align with the selected content domain.<br /><br />5. **Pilot Testing:** Administer the test items to a small sample of the target population to assess their difficulty, validity, and reliability.<br /><br />6. **Analyzing Results and Refining Items:** Review the results of the pilot test and make necessary adjustments to the test items based on feedback and performance data.<br /><br />7. **Finalizing the Test Structure:** Determine the format, length, and scoring criteria for the final version of the test.<br /><br />8. **Standardizing Administration Procedures:** Establish clear guidelines for administering the test, including instructions for test-takers and administrators.<br /><br />9. **Validating the Test:** Ensure that the test accurately measures the intended content domain and is free from bias or other validity issues.<br /><br />10. **Revising and Updating the Test:** Periodically review and update the test to reflect changes in curriculum, instructional methods, or other relevant factors.<br /><br />Explain any five characteristics of a good instructional objective (5 marks)<br /><br />A good instructional objective should possess the following characteristics:<br /><br />1. **Specificity:** The objective should clearly define what the learner is expected to achieve, including the specific skills, knowledge, or abilities to be acquired.<br /><br />2. **Measurability:** The objective should be stated in a way that allows for assessment of the learner's achievement, using observable and quantifiable criteria.<br /><br />3. **Achievability:** The objective should be realistic and attainable, considering the learner's prior knowledge and abilities.<br /><br />4. **Relevance:** The objective should align with the overall goals and objectives of the instructional program or curriculum.<br /><br />5. **Time-bound:** The objective should specify a timeframe or deadline for achieving the desired outcome, providing a sense of urgency and focus for the learning process.<br /><br />Before administration of an examination paper, it is crucial that the paper is moderated. Discuss this statement. (5 marks)<br /><br />Moderation of an examination paper is crucial for several reasons:<br /><br />1. **Ensuring Fairness:** Moderation helps to ensure that the examination paper is fair and unbiased, by removing any potentially discriminatory or unfair questions.<br /><br />2. **Maintaining Consistency:** Moderation ensures that the examination paper is consistent in terms of difficulty, format, and content coverage, providing a level playing field for all test-takers.<br /><br />3. **Preventing Cheating:** Moderation can help identify and eliminate any questions that may be too easy or too difficult, reducing the likelihood of cheating or other forms of academic dishonesty.<br /><br />4. **Providing Feedback:** Moderation allows for the identification of areas where the examination paper may need improvement, such as unclear instructions or poorly worded questions, which can be addressed in future iterations.<br /><br />5. **Maintaining Test Security:** Moderation helps to ensure that the examination paper is secure and free from unauthorized access or distribution, protecting the integrity of the assessment process.<br /><br />QUESTION TWO<br /><br />Using relevant examples, discuss the different scales used in measurement (15 marks)<br /><br />There are several scales used in measurement, including:<br /><br />1. **Nominal Scale:** This scale is used to categorize data into distinct categories or groups, such as gender (male/female) or marital status (single/married).<br /><br />2. **Ordinal Scale:** This scale is used to rank data in a specific order, such as educational level (high school/college/graduate degree) or satisfaction level (satisfied/neutral/unsatisfied).<br /><br />3. **Interval Scale:** This scale is used to measure data on a continuous scale with equal intervals between values, such as temperature (Celsius/Fahrenheit) or test scores (0-100).<br /><br />4. **Ratio Scale:** This scale is similar to the interval scale, but it has a true zero point, allowing for the calculation of ratios, such as height/weight or age.<br /><br />QUESTION THREE<br /><br />A good test must have specific characteristics. Discuss this statement (15 marks)<br /><br />A good test should possess several specific characteristics, including:<br /><br />1. **Validity:** The test should accurately measure the intended content or construct, ensuring that the results are meaningful and relevant.<br /><br />2. **Reliability:** The test should produce consistent and reliable results, with minimal variation in scores due to random error or other factors.<br /><br />3. **Fairness:** The test should be free from bias or discrimination, providing equal opportunities for all test-takers regardless