Социальные науки - Практические ответы на домашнее задание по обществознанию - 12

7 . What is the significa nce of mistleto eat Christmas? a) It is a symbol of good luck b) It is a symbol of love and ro mance c) It is a symbol of winter

7. Give examples of the categorical syllogism using the forms: AAA-1 (Barbard)EAE-1 (Celarent); All-1 (Dari); E10 -I (Ferio); AEE-2 (Camestres); EAE -2 (Cesare); A00-2 (Baroko); EIO-2 (Festino)All-3 (Datis); lAl-3 (Disamis)EIO-3 (Ferison); 0A0-3 (Bokardo); AEE-4 (Camenes), IAI -4 (Dimaris); E10-4 (Fresison).

2. Nictzsche criticized traditional morality for promoting values rooted in __ rather than strength and self-affirmation. 3. Mill argued that the principle of liberty is essential for protecting individuals from the "tyranny of the __ . "tyranny philosophy emphasizes the importance of acting in accordance with universal __ 5. Sartre's existentialism sm asserts that "man is nothing other than his __ ," highlighting the centrality of action in defining oneself. Task 3.True/False Questions. Read each statement carefully and determine if it is true or false. Indicate your answer by marking each statemen I as "True" or "False". 1. Epicurus believed that the fear of death is the primary obstacle to achieving happiness 2. Jean -Paul Sartre argued that existence precedes essence, meaning that bumans their purpose through actions. 3. David Hume claimed that moral judgments are based purcly on reason, without influence from emotion. 4. Immanuel Kant believed that humans could have knowledge of things-in-themselves. beyond sensory experience. 5. Socrates maintained that ignorance, rather than insanity was the root cause of immoral behavior. 6. According to Hobbes a state of peace exists when people voluntarily refrain from harming one another. 7. Nietzsche's Slave morality" is characterized by values like compassion and humility 8. The Stoics believed that happiness depends on external circumstances aligoing with one's desires. 9. Aristotle argued that virtue is found in moderation avoiding extremes of behavior 10. Unilitarianism prioritizes the moral worth of actions based on their alignment with universal laws. Task 4. Below is a list of key philosophical terms and concepts. Your task is to write clear and concise definitions for each term 1. Categorical Imperative 2. Ding-an-sich (Thing-in-itsell) 3. Absolute Spirit 4. Dialectical Method 5. Historical Materialism Task 5, Please provide answers to each of the questions listed below Write clear and concise responses. 1. How does David Hume describe the process of forming ideas based on impressions? 2. Why did Rousseau consider the "general will" essential for society? 3. What was Voltaire's main critique of religious institutions? 4. How does Kant address the concept of causation in his philosophy? 5. What is the significance of the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason over tradition? Task6. Below are riddles cach describing the views of a famous philosopher Your task is to identify the philosopher based on their main ideas and teachings. Write down the name of the philosopher that best matches each riddle

C. Avoiding all forms of responsibility D. Isolation from society E. Continuous pursuit of material wealth 9. What is the main principle of utilitarianism? A. Maximizing individual gutonomy B. Promoting religious values C. Achieving the greatest good for the greatest number D. Upbolding traditional customs E. Following natural laws 10. According to Nietzsche what defines "master morality"? A. Altruism and humility B. Strength and self-assertion C. Obedience to divine will D. Conformity to societal norms E. Pursuit of wealth and power 11. What does Hobbes consider the "state of nature"? A. A state of peace and harmony B. A condition of war of all against all C. A utopia governed by reason D. An egalitarian society E. A divine plan for humanity 12. According to Plato what is the Form of the Good? A. The source of all value and reality B. The material essence of objects C. The physical manifestation of justice D. A political idcal E. The foundation of empirical knowledge 13. What is the central focus of existentialist philosophy? A. Exploring universal truths B. Emphasizing subjective human experience C. Understanding the natural world D. Promoting collective well-being E. Advocating for moral absolutism 14. How does relativism view moral standards? A. As universal and unchanging B. As culturally and individually determined C. As dictated by divine authority D. As inherent in human nature E. As based on logical reasoning 15. What is the "categorical imperative" in Kantian cthics? A. A rule to maximize happiness B. A principle to act according to universalizable maxims C. A guideline for self-interest D. A command from religious authorities E. A strategy for conflict resolution Task 2. Fill-in-the Blank Questions. Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the correct term or concept Draw on your understanding of philosophical theories and figures to identify the appropriate word or phrase that best completes each statement. 1. According to Hegel, the triadic process of thesis antithesis, and __ drives historical progress

ariant 8. Pleose complete the following tasks on a seporate answer sheet. Write your last name, first name, voriont, and group number on the answer sheet. Task 1. This test will evaluate your understanding of key philosophical terms,theories, and thinkers. Each question is multiple-choice. Choose the best answer for each question based on your knowledge of philosophy. 1. What does Aristotle mean by "virtue as the mean"? A. Virtue is found between two extremes of behavior. B. Virtue is determined by personal desires. C. Virtue requires complete self-sacrifice D. Virtue is innate and unchang cable E. Virtue is only relevant to social customs. 2. What is the primary focus of Kant's deentological ethics? A. Happiness C. Consequences D. Self-interest. 3. According to Mill what distinguishes higher pleasures from lower pleasures? A. Higher pleasures are physical, and lower pleasures are intellectual B. Higher pleasures are more enduring and fulfilling. C. Higher pleasures are accessible only to clites. D. Higher pleasures require materi I wealth. E. Higher pleasures are the same for all individuals. 4. What is the central concept of utilitarianism? A. Justice as fairness. B. Maximizing happiness for the greatest number. C. Duty regardless of consequences D. Pursuit of individual interests. E. Obedience to universal laws. 5. According to Hume, what is the basis of moral judgments? A. Rationality B. Divine commands C. Emotions and sentiments E. Cultural traditions. 6. What is Nietzsche's critique of traditional morality? A. It is based on reason. B. It denies the will to power. C. It encourages strength and nobility D. It is rooted in self affirmation E. It aligns with slave morality. What role does the sovereign play in Hobbes's social contract theory? A. To enforce divine law B. To maintain order and sccurity. C. To maximize individual freedoms. D. To represent the will of the people E. To abolish natural rights. What does Rousseau meat by "man is born free.and everywhere he is in chains"? hat Social structures liberate individuals B. Civilization corrupts natural frecdom C. Freedom requires collective action. D. Humans are naturally predisposed to slavery E Frecdom is irrclev ant to society. 9. What is the ultimate goal of Epicurean ethics? A. Maximizing wealth B. Avoiding pain and achieving tranquility C. Pursuing intense physical pleasures. D. Following divine will E. Rejecting all societal norms. 10. According to Sartre what is bad faith? A. The denial of one's freedom. B. A commitment to moral principles. C. The rejection of existential despair D. Embracing societal norms authentically. E. The rejection of God's existence. 11. What is the central question of virtue ethics? A. What kind of person should I be? B. What actions maximize happiness? C. What duties must I fulfill? D. What are socicty s expectations? E. What are the consequences of my actions? a Suicide C Rebellion D. Faith E. Acceptance of meaninglessness. 13. What does Sartre mean by "freedom is a barden"? A. Freedom eliminates cthical concerns. B. Frecdsm comes with complete responsibility. C. Freedom is a gift from society. D. Fresdom requires divine guidance E. Frocdom is unncoessary in an absurd world. 14. How does Kant define autonomy? A. Acting according to external laws B. Acting according to self-imposed moral laws. C. Acting without considering consequences D. Acting based on divine commandments. E. Acting to maximize happiness. 15. What distinguishe role-utilitarianism from act-atilitarianism? A. Rule-utilitarianism focuses on specific acts. B. Rule-utilitarianism privitures general rules that maximize happiness D. Rule-utilitarianism rejests happiness as a goal Task 2. Fill-in the-Blask Questions. Complet each sentence by filling in the black with the correct term or concept.Draw on your understa ding of philosophical theories and figures to identify the appropriate word or phrase that best completes each statement.

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