История - Помощь и ответы на домашние задания по истории - 137

31. L'ouest, l'est et la Russie dans le système des relations internationales de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle.Oriental question. 32. Politique de la contre -réforme. Renforcement des mesures conservatrices dansle domaine l'administration russe. 33. Développement politique et socio-économique de la Russie sous le règne de Nicolas II Russe- guerre japonaise de 1904-1905 34. Partis politiques de Russie la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècle. I'Emergence des premiers marxistes et travailleurs Organisations. 35. La première révolution bourgeoise et démocratique russe de 1905-1907. l'amélioration del'ordre publicy.

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BapHaHr 3 1. Read the text. HUMAN FACTORS IN AVIATION Human factors is a critical aspect of aviation safety, one that ICAO began to address more than a decade ago. ICAO convened the first in a series of global symposia on flight safety and human factors in 1990. From the beginning, when the first event was held in a city known then as Leningrad, there was a conviction that international aviation could make enormous progress in improving safety through the application of human factors knowledge. The first symposium was a turning point and the stage for following meetings in the United States in 11993, in New Zealand in 1996 and , finally in Chile in 1999. There have been encouraging developments since 1990, but we still have challenges to pursue: after the Leningrad symposium human error remains a significant safety concern. The purpose of the worldwide symposia and 10 regional seminars which were held in the past decade was to increase the awareness of States, industry and organizations in all ICAO regions about the importance of human factors. The ongoing implementation of the ICAO communication navigation, surveillance and air traffic management (CNS/ATM) systems concept has introduced new challenges, and also new possibilities for human factors. The reason the community must respond to is , of course, to ensure that civil aviation continues to achieve its,ultimate goal the safe and efficient transportation of passengers and goods. The ICAO flight safety and human factors programme is safety-oriented and operationally relevant.Moreover, it is practical since it must deal with real problems in a real world. Through the programme, ICAO has provided the aviation community with the means and tools.to anticipate human error and contain its negative consequences in the operational environment.Furthermore, ICAO's efforts are aimed at the system-not the individual. The global aviation safety plan (GASP) was developed by the ICAO Air Navigation Commission in 1997 and subsequently approved by the ICAO Council and endorsed by the ICAO Assembly GASP was designed to coordinate and provide a common direction to the efforts of States and the aviation industry to the extent possible in safety matters. It is a tool that allows ICAO to focus resources and set priorities giving emphasis to those activities that.will contribute the most to enhancing safety . Therefore the flight safety and human factors programme is among the six major activities that comprise the plan. 2. Answer the questions. . When did ICAO begin to address to the aspect of human factors? . When and where was the first symposium on flight safety held? . What can improve aviation safety? . How many symposia on flight safety were held by ICAO? . What was the purpose of the symposia and seminars? . Where can the knowledge of human factors be applied? . What is the ultimate goal of civil aviation? . What is the ICAO flight safety and human factors programme? What for was the global aviation safety plan developed?

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